Choose benchmark test, operation and batch mode:

When one or more of the All filters is selected - only average normalized results are displayed. Please read Running and Results for more details.

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations per second (higher is better)

 Derby
embedded
H2
embedded
HSQLDB
embedded
SQLite
embedded
DB4O
embedded
ObjectDB
embedded
Derby
server
H2
server
MySQL
server
PostgreSQL
server
ObjectDB
server
DataNucleus4.92.00.79 failed 2.41.92.28.5 
EclipseLink19.52.61.5failed  7.61.80.7914.9 
Hibernate9.81.91.30.36  6.51.82.011.3 
OpenJPA1.71.61.7   1.31.51.2failed 
ObjectDB     130    44.1

Performance comparison chart - The Y-Axis represents normalized score in logarithmic scale - higher is better:
JPA performance benchmark comparision Hibernate, EclipseLink, OpenJPA, DataNucleus, ObjectDB

Performance comparison chart - The Y-Axis represents normalized score in linear scale - higher is better:
JPA performance benchmark comparision Hibernate, EclipseLink, OpenJPA, DataNucleus, ObjectDB

Best and Worst JPA/Database Performer in this comparison

The Most Efficient (the Fastest):

1. ObjectDB embedded100
2. ObjectDB server34.0
3. EclipseLink with Derby embedded15.0
4. EclipseLink with PostgreSQL server11.5
5. Hibernate with PostgreSQL server8.7
6. Hibernate with Derby embedded7.6
7. DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server6.6
8. EclipseLink with Derby server5.9
9. Hibernate with Derby server5.0
10. DataNucleus with Derby embedded3.8
11. EclipseLink with H2 embedded2.0
12. DataNucleus with Derby server1.8
13. DataNucleus with MySQL server1.7
14. Hibernate with MySQL server1.6
15. DataNucleus with H2 embedded1.6
16. Hibernate with H2 embedded1.5
17. DataNucleus with H2 server1.5

The Least Efficient (the Slowest):

18. Hibernate with H2 server1.4
19. EclipseLink with H2 server1.3
20. OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded1.3
21. OpenJPA with Derby embedded1.3
22. OpenJPA with H2 embedded1.2
23. OpenJPA with H2 server1.1
24. EclipseLink with HSQLDB embedded1.1
25. Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded1.0
26. OpenJPA with Derby server1.0
27. OpenJPA with MySQL server0.90
28. EclipseLink with MySQL server0.61
29. DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded0.61
30. Hibernate with SQLite embedded0.28
31. DataNucleus with DB4O embedded0.0000
32. EclipseLink with SQLite embedded0.0000
33. OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server0.0000

Problems (Exceptions) in these tests

  • EclipseLink with SQLite embedded
    Local Exception Stack: 
    Exception [EclipseLink-3002] (Eclipse Persistence Services - 2.1.1.v20100817-r8050): org.eclipse.persistence.exceptions.ConversionException
    Exception Description: The object [943,200,000], of class [class java.lang.Integer], from mapping [org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.DirectToFieldMapping[joinDate-->PERSONBASE.JOINDATE]] with descriptor [RelationalDescriptor(org.jpab.ext.PersonExtExt --> [DatabaseTable(PERSONBASE)])], could not be converted to [class java.util.Date].
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.exceptions.ConversionException.couldNotBeConverted(ConversionException.java:71)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.helper.ConversionManager.convertObjectToUtilDate(ConversionManager.java:761)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.helper.ConversionManager.convertObject(ConversionManager.java:101)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.databaseaccess.DatasourcePlatform.convertObject(DatasourcePlatform.java:157)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.converters.TypeConversionConverter.convertDataValueToObjectValue(TypeConversionConverter.java:119)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.foundation.AbstractDirectMapping.getAttributeValue(AbstractDirectMapping.java:675)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.foundation.AbstractDirectMapping.valueFromRow(AbstractDirectMapping.java:1263)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.foundation.AbstractDirectMapping.buildCloneFromRow(AbstractDirectMapping.java:1234)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildAttributesIntoWorkingCopyClone(ObjectBuilder.java:1338)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildWorkingCopyCloneFromRow(ObjectBuilder.java:1466)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildObjectInUnitOfWork(ObjectBuilder.java:558)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildObject(ObjectBuilder.java:502)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildObject(ObjectBuilder.java:454)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelReadQuery.buildObject(ObjectLevelReadQuery.java:721)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ReadAllQuery.registerResultInUnitOfWork(ReadAllQuery.java:723)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ReadAllQuery.executeObjectLevelReadQuery(ReadAllQuery.java:420)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelReadQuery.executeDatabaseQuery(ObjectLevelReadQuery.java:1074)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.DatabaseQuery.execute(DatabaseQuery.java:736)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelReadQuery.execute(ObjectLevelReadQuery.java:1034)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ReadAllQuery.execute(ReadAllQuery.java:380)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelReadQuery.executeInUnitOfWork(ObjectLevelReadQuery.java:1112)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.UnitOfWorkImpl.internalExecuteQuery(UnitOfWorkImpl.java:2909)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.executeQuery(AbstractSession.java:1291)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.executeQuery(AbstractSession.java:1273)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.executeQuery(AbstractSession.java:1247)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.jpa.EJBQueryImpl.executeReadQuery(EJBQueryImpl.java:479)
    	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.jpa.EJBQueryImpl.getResultList(EJBQueryImpl.java:714)
    	at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315)
    	at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562)
    	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
    	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
    
  • DataNucleus with DB4O embedded
    javax.persistence.PersistenceException: Compiled filter contains method "matches" which is not currently supported by SODA queries
    	at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.NucleusJPAHelper.getJPAExceptionForNucleusException(NucleusJPAHelper.java:325)
    	at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.JPAQuery.getResultList(JPAQuery.java:202)
    	at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315)
    	at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562)
    	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
    	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
    Caused by: org.datanucleus.exceptions.NucleusException: Compiled filter contains method "matches" which is not currently supported by SODA queries
    	at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.QueryToSODAMapper.processInvokeExpression(QueryToSODAMapper.java:576)
    	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compilePrimaryExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:200)
    	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileUnaryExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:169)
    	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileAdditiveMultiplicativeExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:148)
    	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileRelationalExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:123)
    	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileOrAndExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:65)
    	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.evaluate(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:46)
    	at org.datanucleus.query.expression.Expression.evaluate(Expression.java:335)
    	at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.QueryToSODAMapper.compile(QueryToSODAMapper.java:95)
    	at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.JPQLQuery.createSODAQuery(JPQLQuery.java:215)
    	at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.JPQLQuery.performExecute(JPQLQuery.java:115)
    	at org.datanucleus.store.query.Query.executeQuery(Query.java:1791)
    	at org.datanucleus.store.query.Query.executeWithMap(Query.java:1694)
    	at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.JPAQuery.getResultList(JPAQuery.java:185)
    	... 4 more
    
  • OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server
     org.apache.openjpa.persistence.PersistenceException: ERROR: invalid escape string
      Hint: Escape string must be empty or one character. {prepstmnt 1944317562 SELECT t0.id, t0.DTYPE, t0.firstName, t0.lastName, t0.middleName, t0.city, t0.country, t0.email, t0.phone, t0.state, t0.street, t0.zip, t0.birthDate, t0.joinDate, t0.lastLoginDate, t0.loginCount FROM PersonBase t0 WHERE (t0.lastName LIKE ? ESCAPE '\\') AND t0.DTYPE = ? [params=?, ?]} [code=0, state=22025]
    FailedObject: SELECT o FROM PersonExtExt o WHERE o.lastName LIKE :pattern [java.lang.String]
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.DBDictionary.narrow(DBDictionary.java:4871)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.DBDictionary.newStoreException(DBDictionary.java:4831)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SQLExceptions.getStore(SQLExceptions.java:136)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SQLExceptions.getStore(SQLExceptions.java:118)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SQLExceptions.getStore(SQLExceptions.java:70)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.SelectResultObjectProvider.handleCheckedException(SelectResultObjectProvider.java:155)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.rop.EagerResultList.(EagerResultList.java:40)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.toResult(QueryImpl.java:1251)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:1007)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:863)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:794)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.DelegatingQuery.execute(DelegatingQuery.java:542)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:315)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.getResultList(QueryImpl.java:331)
    	at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315)
    	at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562)
    	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
    	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
    Caused by: org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.ReportingSQLException: ERROR: invalid escape string
      Hint: Escape string must be empty or one character. {prepstmnt 1944317562 SELECT t0.id, t0.DTYPE, t0.firstName, t0.lastName, t0.middleName, t0.city, t0.country, t0.email, t0.phone, t0.state, t0.street, t0.zip, t0.birthDate, t0.joinDate, t0.lastLoginDate, t0.loginCount FROM PersonBase t0 WHERE (t0.lastName LIKE ? ESCAPE '\\') AND t0.DTYPE = ? [params=?, ?]} [code=0, state=22025]
    	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator.wrap(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:281)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator.wrap(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:265)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator.access$700(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:72)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator$LoggingConnection$LoggingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:1183)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.PostgresDictionary$PostgresPreparedStatement.executeQuery(PostgresDictionary.java:1012)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.JDBCStoreManager$CancelPreparedStatement.executeQuery(JDBCStoreManager.java:1783)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:274)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.executeQuery(SelectImpl.java:499)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:424)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:391)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion$UnionSelect.execute(LogicalUnion.java:427)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:230)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:220)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.SelectResultObjectProvider.open(SelectResultObjectProvider.java:94)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.rop.EagerResultList.(EagerResultList.java:34)
    	... 11 more
    NestedThrowables:
    org.postgresql.util.PSQLException: ERROR: invalid escape string
      Hint: Escape string must be empty or one character.
    	at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.receiveErrorResponse(QueryExecutorImpl.java:2103)
    	at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.processResults(QueryExecutorImpl.java:1836)
    	at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.execute(QueryExecutorImpl.java:257)
    	at org.postgresql.jdbc2.AbstractJdbc2Statement.execute(AbstractJdbc2Statement.java:512)
    	at org.postgresql.jdbc2.AbstractJdbc2Statement.executeWithFlags(AbstractJdbc2Statement.java:388)
    	at org.postgresql.jdbc2.AbstractJdbc2Statement.executeQuery(AbstractJdbc2Statement.java:273)
    	at org.apache.commons.dbcp.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:96)
    	at org.apache.commons.dbcp.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:96)
    	at org.apache.commons.dbcp.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:96)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:286)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator$LoggingConnection$LoggingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:1181)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.PostgresDictionary$PostgresPreparedStatement.executeQuery(PostgresDictionary.java:1012)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.JDBCStoreManager$CancelPreparedStatement.executeQuery(JDBCStoreManager.java:1783)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:274)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.executeQuery(SelectImpl.java:499)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:424)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:391)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion$UnionSelect.execute(LogicalUnion.java:427)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:230)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:220)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.SelectResultObjectProvider.open(SelectResultObjectProvider.java:94)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.rop.EagerResultList.(EagerResultList.java:34)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.toResult(QueryImpl.java:1251)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:1007)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:863)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:794)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.DelegatingQuery.execute(DelegatingQuery.java:542)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:315)
    	at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.getResultList(QueryImpl.java:331)
    	at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315)
    	at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562)
    	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
    	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)