Choose benchmark test, operation and batch mode:

When one or more of the All filters is selected - only average normalized results are displayed. Please read Running and Results for more details.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations per second (higher is better)

 Derby
embedded		H2
embedded		HSQLDB
embedded		SQLite
embedded		DB4O
embedded		ObjectDB
embedded		Derby
server		H2
server		MySQL
server		PostgreSQL
server		ObjectDB
server
DataNucleus6,44813,83316,611 failed 6,5628,5034,86616,161 
EclipseLink8,00822,30922,3554,170  7,7077,8764,70528,325 
Hibernate7,32422,46825,365failed  7,5679,7205,72927,102 
OpenJPA6,50419,93713,719   7,4688,1405,19317,795 
ObjectDB     195,608    194,390

Performance comparison chart - The Y-Axis represents normalized score in logarithmic scale - higher is better:
JPA performance benchmark comparision Hibernate, EclipseLink, OpenJPA, DataNucleus, ObjectDB

Performance comparison chart - The Y-Axis represents normalized score in linear scale - higher is better:
JPA performance benchmark comparision Hibernate, EclipseLink, OpenJPA, DataNucleus, ObjectDB

Best and Worst JPA/Database Performer in this comparison

The Most Efficient (the Fastest):

1. ObjectDB embedded100
2. ObjectDB server99.4
3. EclipseLink with PostgreSQL server14.5
4. Hibernate with PostgreSQL server13.9
5. Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded13.0
6. Hibernate with H2 embedded11.5
7. EclipseLink with HSQLDB embedded11.4
8. EclipseLink with H2 embedded11.4
9. OpenJPA with H2 embedded10.2
10. OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server9.1
11. DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded8.5
12. DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server8.3
13. DataNucleus with H2 embedded7.1
14. OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded7.0
15. Hibernate with H2 server5.0
16. DataNucleus with H2 server4.3
17. OpenJPA with H2 server4.2

The Least Efficient (the Slowest):

18. EclipseLink with Derby embedded4.1
19. EclipseLink with H2 server4.0
20. EclipseLink with Derby server3.9
21. Hibernate with Derby server3.9
22. OpenJPA with Derby server3.8
23. Hibernate with Derby embedded3.7
24. DataNucleus with Derby server3.4
25. OpenJPA with Derby embedded3.3
26. DataNucleus with Derby embedded3.3
27. Hibernate with MySQL server2.9
28. OpenJPA with MySQL server2.7
29. DataNucleus with MySQL server2.5
30. EclipseLink with MySQL server2.4
31. EclipseLink with SQLite embedded2.1
32. DataNucleus with DB4O embedded0.0000
33. Hibernate with SQLite embedded0.0000

Problems (Exceptions) in these tests

  • Hibernate with SQLite embedded
    javax.persistence.RollbackException: Error while committing the transaction
	at org.hibernate.ejb.TransactionImpl.commit(TransactionImpl.java:93)
	at org.jpab.Test.persist(Test.java:217)
	at org.jpab.Test.persist(Test.java:200)
	at org.jpab.Runner$PersistAction.run0(Runner.java:538)
	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
Caused by: javax.persistence.PersistenceException: org.hibernate.exception.GenericJDBCException: could not insert: [org.jpab.basic.Person]
	at org.hibernate.ejb.AbstractEntityManagerImpl.convert(AbstractEntityManagerImpl.java:1214)
	at org.hibernate.ejb.AbstractEntityManagerImpl.convert(AbstractEntityManagerImpl.java:1147)
	at org.hibernate.ejb.TransactionImpl.commit(TransactionImpl.java:81)
	... 5 more
Caused by: org.hibernate.exception.GenericJDBCException: could not insert: [org.jpab.basic.Person]
	at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.handledNonSpecificException(SQLStateConverter.java:140)
	at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.convert(SQLStateConverter.java:128)
	at org.hibernate.exception.JDBCExceptionHelper.convert(JDBCExceptionHelper.java:66)
	at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.insert(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2436)
	at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.insert(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2856)
	at org.hibernate.action.EntityInsertAction.execute(EntityInsertAction.java:79)
	at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.execute(ActionQueue.java:273)
	at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.executeActions(ActionQueue.java:265)
	at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.executeActions(ActionQueue.java:184)
	at org.hibernate.event.def.AbstractFlushingEventListener.performExecutions(AbstractFlushingEventListener.java:321)
	at org.hibernate.event.def.DefaultFlushEventListener.onFlush(DefaultFlushEventListener.java:51)
	at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.flush(SessionImpl.java:1216)
	at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.managedFlush(SessionImpl.java:383)
	at org.hibernate.transaction.JDBCTransaction.commit(JDBCTransaction.java:133)
	at org.hibernate.ejb.TransactionImpl.commit(TransactionImpl.java:76)
	... 5 more
Caused by: java.sql.SQLException: PRIMARY KEY must be unique
	at org.sqlite.DB.throwex(DB.java:288)
	at org.sqlite.DB.executeBatch(DB.java:236)
	at org.sqlite.PrepStmt.executeBatch(PrepStmt.java:82)
	at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.impl.NewProxyPreparedStatement.executeBatch(NewProxyPreparedStatement.java:1723)
	at org.hibernate.jdbc.BatchingBatcher.doExecuteBatch(BatchingBatcher.java:70)
	at org.hibernate.jdbc.BatchingBatcher.addToBatch(BatchingBatcher.java:56)
	at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.insert(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2416)
	... 16 more
  • DataNucleus with DB4O embedded
    javax.persistence.PersistenceException: Object "org.jpab.basic.Person@7d6b4be5" being inserted has id "13" yet an object with this id already exists in the datastore!
	at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.NucleusJPAHelper.getJPAExceptionForNucleusException(NucleusJPAHelper.java:302)
	at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.JPAEntityTransaction.commit(JPAEntityTransaction.java:122)
	at org.jpab.Test.persist(Test.java:217)
	at org.jpab.Test.persist(Test.java:200)
	at org.jpab.Runner$PersistAction.run0(Runner.java:538)
	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
Caused by: org.datanucleus.exceptions.NucleusUserException: Object "org.jpab.basic.Person@7d6b4be5" being inserted has id "13" yet an object with this id already exists in the datastore!
	at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.DB4OPersistenceHandler.insertObject(DB4OPersistenceHandler.java:140)
	at org.datanucleus.state.JDOStateManager.internalMakePersistent(JDOStateManager.java:2371)
	at org.datanucleus.state.JDOStateManager.flush(JDOStateManager.java:3803)
	at org.datanucleus.ObjectManagerImpl.flushInternalWithOrdering(ObjectManagerImpl.java:3832)
	at org.datanucleus.ObjectManagerImpl.flushInternal(ObjectManagerImpl.java:3755)
	at org.datanucleus.ObjectManagerImpl.flush(ObjectManagerImpl.java:3701)
	at org.datanucleus.ObjectManagerImpl.preCommit(ObjectManagerImpl.java:4084)
	at org.datanucleus.ObjectManagerImpl$2.transactionPreCommit(ObjectManagerImpl.java:398)
	at org.datanucleus.TransactionImpl.internalPreCommit(TransactionImpl.java:370)
	at org.datanucleus.TransactionImpl.commit(TransactionImpl.java:259)
	at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.JPAEntityTransaction.commit(JPAEntityTransaction.java:103)
	... 5 more