Choose benchmark test, operation and batch mode:

When one or more of the All filters is selected - only average normalized results are displayed. Please read Running and Results for more details.

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations per second (higher is better)

 Derby
embedded		H2
embedded		HSQLDB
embedded		SQLite
embedded		DB4O
embedded		ObjectDB
embedded		Derby
server		H2
server		MySQL
server		PostgreSQL
server		ObjectDB
server
DataNucleus24.02.90.87 failed 23.12.54.430.1 
EclipseLink32.82.71.80.76  28.12.30.8934.0 
Hibernate30.32.82.20.66  20.92.36.134.0 
OpenJPA30.53.11.7   17.92.35.7failed 
ObjectDB     61.3    23.8

Performance comparison chart - The Y-Axis represents normalized score in logarithmic scale - higher is better:
JPA performance benchmark comparision Hibernate, EclipseLink, OpenJPA, DataNucleus, ObjectDB

Performance comparison chart - The Y-Axis represents normalized score in linear scale - higher is better:
JPA performance benchmark comparision Hibernate, EclipseLink, OpenJPA, DataNucleus, ObjectDB

Best and Worst JPA/Database Performer in this comparison

The Most Efficient (the Fastest):

1. ObjectDB embedded100
2. Hibernate with PostgreSQL server55.5
3. EclipseLink with PostgreSQL server55.5
4. EclipseLink with Derby embedded53.4
5. OpenJPA with Derby embedded49.7
6. Hibernate with Derby embedded49.3
7. DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server49.1
8. EclipseLink with Derby server45.8
9. DataNucleus with Derby embedded39.1
10. ObjectDB server38.8
11. DataNucleus with Derby server37.7
12. Hibernate with Derby server34.0
13. OpenJPA with Derby server29.2
14. Hibernate with MySQL server10.0
15. OpenJPA with MySQL server9.3
16. DataNucleus with MySQL server7.2
17. OpenJPA with H2 embedded5.0

The Least Efficient (the Slowest):

18. DataNucleus with H2 embedded4.7
19. Hibernate with H2 embedded4.5
20. EclipseLink with H2 embedded4.4
21. DataNucleus with H2 server4.1
22. EclipseLink with H2 server3.8
23. OpenJPA with H2 server3.7
24. Hibernate with H2 server3.7
25. Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded3.6
26. EclipseLink with HSQLDB embedded2.9
27. OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded2.8
28. EclipseLink with MySQL server1.5
29. DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded1.4
30. EclipseLink with SQLite embedded1.2
31. Hibernate with SQLite embedded1.1
32. DataNucleus with DB4O embedded0.0000
33. OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server0.0000

Problems (Exceptions) in these tests

  • DataNucleus with DB4O embedded
    javax.persistence.PersistenceException: Compiled filter contains method "matches" which is not currently supported by SODA queries
	at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.NucleusJPAHelper.getJPAExceptionForNucleusException(NucleusJPAHelper.java:325)
	at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.JPAQuery.getResultList(JPAQuery.java:202)
	at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315)
	at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562)
	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
Caused by: org.datanucleus.exceptions.NucleusException: Compiled filter contains method "matches" which is not currently supported by SODA queries
	at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.QueryToSODAMapper.processInvokeExpression(QueryToSODAMapper.java:576)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compilePrimaryExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:200)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileUnaryExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:169)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileAdditiveMultiplicativeExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:148)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileRelationalExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:123)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileOrAndExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:65)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.evaluate(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:46)
	at org.datanucleus.query.expression.Expression.evaluate(Expression.java:335)
	at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.QueryToSODAMapper.compile(QueryToSODAMapper.java:95)
	at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.JPQLQuery.createSODAQuery(JPQLQuery.java:215)
	at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.JPQLQuery.performExecute(JPQLQuery.java:115)
	at org.datanucleus.store.query.Query.executeQuery(Query.java:1791)
	at org.datanucleus.store.query.Query.executeWithMap(Query.java:1694)
	at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.JPAQuery.getResultList(JPAQuery.java:185)
	... 4 more
  • OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server
     org.apache.openjpa.persistence.PersistenceException: ERROR: invalid escape string
  Hint: Escape string must be empty or one character. {prepstmnt 1218073121 SELECT t0.id, t0.birthDate, t0.city, t0.country, t0.email, t0.firstName, t0.joinDate, t0.lastLoginDate, t0.lastName, t0.loginCount, t0.middleName, t0.phone, t0.state, t0.street, t0.zip FROM Person t0 WHERE (t0.lastName LIKE ? ESCAPE '\\') [params=?]} [code=0, state=22025]
FailedObject: SELECT o FROM Person o WHERE o.lastName LIKE :pattern [java.lang.String]
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.DBDictionary.narrow(DBDictionary.java:4871)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.DBDictionary.newStoreException(DBDictionary.java:4831)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SQLExceptions.getStore(SQLExceptions.java:136)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SQLExceptions.getStore(SQLExceptions.java:118)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SQLExceptions.getStore(SQLExceptions.java:70)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.SelectResultObjectProvider.handleCheckedException(SelectResultObjectProvider.java:155)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.rop.EagerResultList.(EagerResultList.java:40)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.toResult(QueryImpl.java:1251)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:1007)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:863)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:794)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.DelegatingQuery.execute(DelegatingQuery.java:542)
	at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:315)
	at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.getResultList(QueryImpl.java:331)
	at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315)
	at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562)
	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
Caused by: org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.ReportingSQLException: ERROR: invalid escape string
  Hint: Escape string must be empty or one character. {prepstmnt 1218073121 SELECT t0.id, t0.birthDate, t0.city, t0.country, t0.email, t0.firstName, t0.joinDate, t0.lastLoginDate, t0.lastName, t0.loginCount, t0.middleName, t0.phone, t0.state, t0.street, t0.zip FROM Person t0 WHERE (t0.lastName LIKE ? ESCAPE '\\') [params=?]} [code=0, state=22025]
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator.wrap(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:281)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator.wrap(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:265)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator.access$700(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:72)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator$LoggingConnection$LoggingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:1183)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.PostgresDictionary$PostgresPreparedStatement.executeQuery(PostgresDictionary.java:1012)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.JDBCStoreManager$CancelPreparedStatement.executeQuery(JDBCStoreManager.java:1783)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:274)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.executeQuery(SelectImpl.java:499)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:424)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:391)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion$UnionSelect.execute(LogicalUnion.java:427)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:230)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:220)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.SelectResultObjectProvider.open(SelectResultObjectProvider.java:94)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.rop.EagerResultList.(EagerResultList.java:34)
	... 11 more
NestedThrowables:
org.postgresql.util.PSQLException: ERROR: invalid escape string
  Hint: Escape string must be empty or one character.
	at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.receiveErrorResponse(QueryExecutorImpl.java:2103)
	at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.processResults(QueryExecutorImpl.java:1836)
	at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.execute(QueryExecutorImpl.java:257)
	at org.postgresql.jdbc2.AbstractJdbc2Statement.execute(AbstractJdbc2Statement.java:512)
	at org.postgresql.jdbc2.AbstractJdbc2Statement.executeWithFlags(AbstractJdbc2Statement.java:388)
	at org.postgresql.jdbc2.AbstractJdbc2Statement.executeQuery(AbstractJdbc2Statement.java:273)
	at org.apache.commons.dbcp.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:96)
	at org.apache.commons.dbcp.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:96)
	at org.apache.commons.dbcp.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:96)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:286)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator$LoggingConnection$LoggingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:1181)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.PostgresDictionary$PostgresPreparedStatement.executeQuery(PostgresDictionary.java:1012)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.JDBCStoreManager$CancelPreparedStatement.executeQuery(JDBCStoreManager.java:1783)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:274)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.executeQuery(SelectImpl.java:499)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:424)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:391)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion$UnionSelect.execute(LogicalUnion.java:427)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:230)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:220)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.SelectResultObjectProvider.open(SelectResultObjectProvider.java:94)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.rop.EagerResultList.(EagerResultList.java:34)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.toResult(QueryImpl.java:1251)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:1007)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:863)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:794)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.DelegatingQuery.execute(DelegatingQuery.java:542)
	at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:315)
	at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.getResultList(QueryImpl.java:331)
	at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315)
	at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562)
	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)