SQLite Embedded Database
SQLite Performance Summary
The following charts show the performance of SQLite (in green) relatively to other JPA/DBMS combinations (in gray).
Position #1 on the X-Axis (the fastest) is about 100 times faster than position #33 (the slowest).In the chart below the Y-Axis represents result score (maximum 100) in logarithmic scale - higher is better:
In the chart below the Y-Axis represents result score (maximum 100) in linear scale - higher is better:
The configurations in which SQLite has been tested are listed in the following table:
| Database + JPA Provider | Normalized Score 100 - Best, 0 - Worst | Final Position 1 - Best, 33 - Worst | Failed Tests | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hibernate with SQLite embedded | 0.62 | 32 (out of 33) | 14 |
| 2 | EclipseLink with SQLite embedded | 0.52 | 33 (out of 33) | 39 |
About SQLite
SQLite is an embedded database, written in C. Its first version was released in 2000.
SQLite is in the public domain (no license).
JPA support for SQLite is available (unofficially) only by Hibernate and EclipseLink, but the EclipseLink support seems unusable (too many test failures with EclipseLink).
In this benchmark SQLite 3.7.2 (which was released in 2010) has been tested.
Solved Problems and Issues
The stack traces below demonstrate some exceptions that have been thrown when using SQLite database in previous runs of this benchmark and have been fixed by upgrading software and setting.
javax.persistence.RollbackException: Error while committing the transaction at org.hibernate.ejb.TransactionImpl.commit(TransactionImpl.java:93) at org.jpab.Test.persist(Test.java:217) at org.jpab.Test.persist(Test.java:200) at org.jpab.Runner$PersistAction.run0(Runner.java:537) at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:516) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:619) Caused by: javax.persistence.PersistenceException: org.hibernate.exception.GenericJDBCException: could not insert: [org.jpab.basic.Person] at org.hibernate.ejb.AbstractEntityManagerImpl.convert(AbstractEntityManagerImpl.java:1214) at org.hibernate.ejb.AbstractEntityManagerImpl.convert(AbstractEntityManagerImpl.java:1147) at org.hibernate.ejb.TransactionImpl.commit(TransactionImpl.java:81) ... 5 more Caused by: org.hibernate.exception.GenericJDBCException: could not insert: [org.jpab.basic.Person] at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.handledNonSpecificException(SQLStateConverter.java:140) at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.convert(SQLStateConverter.java:128) at org.hibernate.exception.JDBCExceptionHelper.convert(JDBCExceptionHelper.java:66) at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.insert(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2436) at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.insert(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2856) at org.hibernate.action.EntityInsertAction.execute(EntityInsertAction.java:79) at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.execute(ActionQueue.java:273) at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.executeActions(ActionQueue.java:265) at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.executeActions(ActionQueue.java:184) at org.hibernate.event.def.AbstractFlushingEventListener.performExecutions(AbstractFlushingEventListener.java:321) at org.hibernate.event.def.DefaultFlushEventListener.onFlush(DefaultFlushEventListener.java:51) at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.flush(SessionImpl.java:1216) at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.managedFlush(SessionImpl.java:383) at org.hibernate.transaction.JDBCTransaction.commit(JDBCTransaction.java:133) at org.hibernate.ejb.TransactionImpl.commit(TransactionImpl.java:76) ... 5 more Caused by: java.sql.SQLException: PRIMARY KEY must be unique at org.sqlite.DB.throwex(DB.java:288) at org.sqlite.DB.executeBatch(DB.java:236) at org.sqlite.PrepStmt.executeBatch(PrepStmt.java:82) at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.impl.NewProxyPreparedStatement.executeBatch(NewProxyPreparedStatement.java:1723) at org.hibernate.jdbc.BatchingBatcher.doExecuteBatch(BatchingBatcher.java:70) at org.hibernate.jdbc.BatchingBatcher.addToBatch(BatchingBatcher.java:56) at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.insert(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2416) ... 16 more
java.lang.NoSuchFieldError: STRING at dialect.SQLiteDialect.(SQLiteDialect.java:46) at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.java:39) at sun.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.java:27) at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Constructor.java:513) at java.lang.Class.newInstance0(Class.java:355) at java.lang.Class.newInstance(Class.java:308) at org.hibernate.dialect.resolver.DialectFactory.constructDialect(DialectFactory.java:156) at org.hibernate.dialect.resolver.DialectFactory.buildDialect(DialectFactory.java:99) at org.hibernate.cfg.SettingsFactory.buildSettings(SettingsFactory.java:130) at org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration.buildSettingsInternal(Configuration.java:2833) at org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration.buildSettings(Configuration.java:2829) at org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration.buildSessionFactory(Configuration.java:1840) at org.hibernate.ejb.Ejb3Configuration.buildEntityManagerFactory(Ejb3Configuration.java:902) at org.hibernate.ejb.HibernatePersistence.createEntityManagerFactory(HibernatePersistence.java:57) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Unknown Source) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Unknown Source) at org.jpab.Runner.handleAction(Runner.java:285) at org.jpab.Runner.run(Runner.java:248) at org.jpab.Runner.main(Runner.java:78)
java.lang.NoSuchFieldError: INTEGER at dialect.SQLiteDialect.(SQLiteDialect.java:35) at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.java:39) at sun.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.java:27) at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Constructor.java:513) at java.lang.Class.newInstance0(Class.java:355) at java.lang.Class.newInstance(Class.java:308) at org.hibernate.service.jdbc.dialect.internal.DialectFactoryImpl.constructDialect(DialectFactoryImpl.java:73) at org.hibernate.service.jdbc.dialect.internal.DialectFactoryImpl.buildDialect(DialectFactoryImpl.java:64) at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.internal.JdbcServicesImpl.configure(JdbcServicesImpl.java:146) at org.hibernate.service.internal.StandardServiceRegistryImpl.configureService(StandardServiceRegistryImpl.java:75) at org.hibernate.service.internal.AbstractServiceRegistryImpl.initializeService(AbstractServiceRegistryImpl.java:159) at org.hibernate.service.internal.AbstractServiceRegistryImpl.getService(AbstractServiceRegistryImpl.java:131) at org.hibernate.cfg.SettingsFactory.buildSettings(SettingsFactory.java:71) at org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration.buildSettingsInternal(Configuration.java:2273) at org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration.buildSettings(Configuration.java:2269) at org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration.buildSessionFactory(Configuration.java:1738) at org.hibernate.ejb.EntityManagerFactoryImpl. (EntityManagerFactoryImpl.java:88) at org.hibernate.ejb.Ejb3Configuration.buildEntityManagerFactory(Ejb3Configuration.java:904) at org.hibernate.ejb.Ejb3Configuration.buildEntityManagerFactory(Ejb3Configuration.java:889) at org.hibernate.ejb.HibernatePersistence.createEntityManagerFactory(HibernatePersistence.java:56) at javax.persistence.Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory(Unknown Source) at org.jpab.Runner.handleAction(Runner.java:285) at org.jpab.Runner.run(Runner.java:248) at org.jpab.Runner.main(Runner.java:78)
