EclipseLink

EclipseLink Performance Summary

The following charts show the performance of EclipseLink (in green) relatively to other JPA/DBMS combinations (in gray).

Position #1 on the X-Axis (the fastest) is about 100 times faster than position #33 (the slowest).
In the chart below the Y-Axis represents result score (maximum 100) in logarithmic scale - higher is better:
JPA performance benchmark comparision Hibernate, EclipseLink, OpenJPA, DataNucleus, ObjectDB
In the chart below the Y-Axis represents result score (maximum 100) in linear scale - higher is better:
JPA performance benchmark comparision Hibernate, EclipseLink, OpenJPA, DataNucleus, ObjectDB


The configurations in which EclipseLink has been tested are listed in the following table:

 Database + JPA ProviderNormalized Score
100 - Best,  0 - Worst		Final Position
1 - Best,  33 - Worst		Failed Tests
1EclipseLink with H2 embedded18.43  (out of 33)0
2EclipseLink with HSQLDB embedded17.94  (out of 33)0
3EclipseLink with Derby embedded13.66  (out of 33)0
4EclipseLink with PostgreSQL server10.58  (out of 33)0
5EclipseLink with Derby server6.617  (out of 33)0
6EclipseLink with H2 server4.521  (out of 33)0
7EclipseLink with MySQL server2.329  (out of 33)0
8EclipseLink with SQLite embedded0.5233  (out of 33)39

About EclipseLink

EclipseLink is a persistence framework that includes also object-relational mapping (ORM), based on Orcale's TopLink object-relational mapping product. EclipseLink is developed in the Eclipse organization. It is also the reference implementation of JPA 2.0.

EclipseLink is available as open source under the Eclipse Public License (EPL) and the Eclipse Distribution License (EDL).

In this benchmark EclipseLink 2.3.2 (which was released in December 2011) has been tested.

EclipseLink Performance Tuning

The EclipseLink default configuration is generally optimized for high performance, and works very well also with no tuning.

To maximize performance we followed the Using EclipseLink JPA Extensions instructions:

  • The eclipselink.cache.size.default property was set to 5000 to support large transactions.
  • The eclipselink.flush-clear.cache property was set to Drop, which according to the instructions is "the fastest and uses the least memory".
  • Target databases have been defined using the eclipselink.target-database property.
  • The eclipselink.jdbc.native-sql property was set to true.
  • The eclipselink.jdbc.batch-writing property was set to Oracle-JDBC.
  • The eclipselink.jdbc.cache-statements property was set to true and the eclipselink.jdbc.cache-statements.size property was set to 100.
  • All the entity classes have been woven (enhanced) by running the tests with a Java Agent (javaagent:eclipselink.jar). Class enhancement time was completely excluded from the test time measurement.
  • Logging was disabled by setting the eclipselink.logging.level property to false.

Note: Database schema generation was completed before time measurement started.

Solved Problems and Issues

The stack traces below demonstrate some exceptions that have been thrown when using EclipseLink in previous runs of this benchmark and have been fixed by upgrading software and setting. 

javax.persistence.RollbackException: Exception [EclipseLink-4002] (Eclipse Persistence Services - 2.1.1.v20100817-r8050): org.eclipse.persistence.exceptions.DatabaseException
Internal Exception: java.sql.SQLException: user lacks privilege or object not found: PERSON
Error Code: -5501
Call: INSERT INTO PERSON (ID, MIDDLENAME, LASTNAME, ZIP, PHONE, LASTLOGINDATE, STREET, STATE, LOGINCOUNT, CITY, COUNTRY, JOINDATE, EMAIL, BIRTHDATE, FIRSTNAME) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
	bind => [1, CIPUPKQIKER, QGSHJQRJRQY, 708733964, 134036188972027, 1983-01-05, NYMIGRADOXLQ, ZT, 94, QEJSJKOIVRYODJXSU, KTJPTPAIWD, 1950-03-07, [email protected], 1947-10-31, SLCIBTPWESS]
Query: InsertObjectQuery(SLCIBTPWESS CIPUPKQIKER QGSHJQRJRQY)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.jpa.transaction.EntityTransactionImpl.commitInternal(EntityTransactionImpl.java:102)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.jpa.transaction.EntityTransactionImpl.commit(EntityTransactionImpl.java:63)
	at org.jpab.Test.persist(Test.java:216)
	at org.jpab.Test.persist(Test.java:199)
	at org.jpab.Runner$PersistAction.run0(Runner.java:528)
	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:507)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:619)
Caused by: Exception [EclipseLink-4002] (Eclipse Persistence Services - 2.1.1.v20100817-r8050): org.eclipse.persistence.exceptions.DatabaseException
Internal Exception: java.sql.SQLException: user lacks privilege or object not found: PERSON
Error Code: -5501
Call: INSERT INTO PERSON (ID, MIDDLENAME, LASTNAME, ZIP, PHONE, LASTLOGINDATE, STREET, STATE, LOGINCOUNT, CITY, COUNTRY, JOINDATE, EMAIL, BIRTHDATE, FIRSTNAME) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
	bind => [1, CIPUPKQIKER, QGSHJQRJRQY, 708733964, 134036188972027, 1983-01-05, NYMIGRADOXLQ, ZT, 94, QEJSJKOIVRYODJXSU, KTJPTPAIWD, 1950-03-07, [email protected], 1947-10-31, SLCIBTPWESS]
Query: InsertObjectQuery(SLCIBTPWESS CIPUPKQIKER QGSHJQRJRQY)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.exceptions.DatabaseException.sqlException(DatabaseException.java:333)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.databaseaccess.DatabaseAccessor.basicExecuteCall(DatabaseAccessor.java:683)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.databaseaccess.DatabaseAccessor.executeCall(DatabaseAccessor.java:526)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.executeCall(AbstractSession.java:980)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.queries.DatasourceCallQueryMechanism.executeCall(DatasourceCallQueryMechanism.java:206)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.queries.DatasourceCallQueryMechanism.executeCall(DatasourceCallQueryMechanism.java:192)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.queries.DatasourceCallQueryMechanism.insertObject(DatasourceCallQueryMechanism.java:341)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.queries.StatementQueryMechanism.insertObject(StatementQueryMechanism.java:162)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.queries.StatementQueryMechanism.insertObject(StatementQueryMechanism.java:177)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.queries.DatabaseQueryMechanism.insertObjectForWrite(DatabaseQueryMechanism.java:465)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.InsertObjectQuery.executeCommit(InsertObjectQuery.java:80)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.InsertObjectQuery.executeCommitWithChangeSet(InsertObjectQuery.java:90)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.queries.DatabaseQueryMechanism.executeWriteWithChangeSet(DatabaseQueryMechanism.java:290)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.WriteObjectQuery.executeDatabaseQuery(WriteObjectQuery.java:58)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.DatabaseQuery.execute(DatabaseQuery.java:736)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.DatabaseQuery.executeInUnitOfWork(DatabaseQuery.java:643)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelModifyQuery.executeInUnitOfWorkObjectLevelModifyQuery(ObjectLevelModifyQuery.java:108)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelModifyQuery.executeInUnitOfWork(ObjectLevelModifyQuery.java:85)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.UnitOfWorkImpl.internalExecuteQuery(UnitOfWorkImpl.java:2909)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.executeQuery(AbstractSession.java:1291)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.executeQuery(AbstractSession.java:1273)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.executeQuery(AbstractSession.java:1233)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.CommitManager.commitNewObjectsForClassWithChangeSet(CommitManager.java:224)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.CommitManager.commitAllObjectsWithChangeSet(CommitManager.java:123)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.writeAllObjectsWithChangeSet(AbstractSession.java:3348)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.UnitOfWorkImpl.commitToDatabase(UnitOfWorkImpl.java:1422)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.RepeatableWriteUnitOfWork.commitToDatabase(RepeatableWriteUnitOfWork.java:546)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.UnitOfWorkImpl.commitToDatabaseWithChangeSet(UnitOfWorkImpl.java:1527)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.RepeatableWriteUnitOfWork.commitRootUnitOfWork(RepeatableWriteUnitOfWork.java:200)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.UnitOfWorkImpl.commitAndResume(UnitOfWorkImpl.java:1148)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.jpa.transaction.EntityTransactionImpl.commitInternal(EntityTransactionImpl.java:84)
	... 6 more
Caused by: java.sql.SQLException: user lacks privilege or object not found: PERSON
	at org.hsqldb.jdbc.Util.sqlException(Unknown Source)
	at org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCPreparedStatement.(Unknown Source)
	at org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection.prepareStatement(Unknown Source)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.databaseaccess.DatabaseAccessor.prepareStatement(DatabaseAccessor.java:1401)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.databaseaccess.DatabaseAccessor.prepareStatement(DatabaseAccessor.java:1350)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.databaseaccess.DatabaseCall.prepareStatement(DatabaseCall.java:652)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.databaseaccess.DatabaseAccessor.basicExecuteCall(DatabaseAccessor.java:576)
	... 35 more
Caused by: org.hsqldb.HsqlException: user lacks privilege or object not found: PERSON
	at org.hsqldb.error.Error.error(Unknown Source)
	at org.hsqldb.SchemaManager.getTable(Unknown Source)
	at org.hsqldb.ParserDQL.readTableName(Unknown Source)
	at org.hsqldb.ParserDML.compileInsertStatement(Unknown Source)
	at org.hsqldb.ParserCommand.compilePart(Unknown Source)
	at org.hsqldb.ParserCommand.compileStatement(Unknown Source)
	at org.hsqldb.Session.compileStatement(Unknown Source)
	at org.hsqldb.StatementManager.compile(Unknown Source)
	at org.hsqldb.Session.execute(Unknown Source)
	... 41 more

javax.persistence.RollbackException: Exception [EclipseLink-4002] (Eclipse Persistence Services - 2.1.1.v20100817-r8050): org.eclipse.persistence.exceptions.DatabaseException
Internal Exception: java.sql.BatchUpdateException: Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`jpab8441120340`.`node`, CONSTRAINT `FK_NODE_CHILD1_ID` FOREIGN KEY (`CHILD1_ID`) REFERENCES `node` (`ID`))
Error Code: 1451
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.jpa.transaction.EntityTransactionImpl.commitInternal(EntityTransactionImpl.java:102)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.jpa.transaction.EntityTransactionImpl.commit(EntityTransactionImpl.java:63)
	at org.jpab.Test.doAction(Test.java:272)
	at org.jpab.Runner$RemoveAction.run0(Runner.java:578)
	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:508)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:619)
Caused by: Exception [EclipseLink-4002] (Eclipse Persistence Services - 2.1.1.v20100817-r8050): org.eclipse.persistence.exceptions.DatabaseException
Internal Exception: java.sql.BatchUpdateException: Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`jpab8441120340`.`node`, CONSTRAINT `FK_NODE_CHILD1_ID` FOREIGN KEY (`CHILD1_ID`) REFERENCES `node` (`ID`))
Error Code: 1451
	at org.eclipse.persistence.exceptions.DatabaseException.sqlException(DatabaseException.java:324)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.databaseaccess.DatabaseAccessor.executeJDK12BatchStatement(DatabaseAccessor.java:830)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.databaseaccess.ParameterizedSQLBatchWritingMechanism.executeBatchedStatements(ParameterizedSQLBatchWritingMechanism.java:139)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.databaseaccess.DatabaseAccessor.writesCompleted(DatabaseAccessor.java:1632)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.databaseaccess.DatabaseAccessor.commitTransaction(DatabaseAccessor.java:399)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.basicCommitTransaction(AbstractSession.java:504)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.sessions.server.ClientSession.basicCommitTransaction(ClientSession.java:155)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.commitTransaction(AbstractSession.java:686)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.UnitOfWorkImpl.commitTransaction(UnitOfWorkImpl.java:1581)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.RepeatableWriteUnitOfWork.commitTransaction(RepeatableWriteUnitOfWork.java:559)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.UnitOfWorkImpl.commitTransactionAfterWriteChanges(UnitOfWorkImpl.java:1604)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.RepeatableWriteUnitOfWork.commitRootUnitOfWork(RepeatableWriteUnitOfWork.java:207)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.UnitOfWorkImpl.commitAndResume(UnitOfWorkImpl.java:1148)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.jpa.transaction.EntityTransactionImpl.commitInternal(EntityTransactionImpl.java:84)
	... 5 more
Caused by: java.sql.BatchUpdateException: Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`jpab8441120340`.`node`, CONSTRAINT `FK_NODE_CHILD1_ID` FOREIGN KEY (`CHILD1_ID`) REFERENCES `node` (`ID`))
	at com.mysql.jdbc.PreparedStatement.executeBatchSerially(PreparedStatement.java:1693)
	at com.mysql.jdbc.PreparedStatement.executeBatch(PreparedStatement.java:1108)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.platform.database.MySQLPlatform.executeBatch(MySQLPlatform.java:198)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.databaseaccess.DatabaseAccessor.executeJDK12BatchStatement(DatabaseAccessor.java:817)
	... 17 more