Choose benchmark test, operation and batch mode:

When one or more of the All filters is selected - only average normalized results are displayed. Please read Running and Results for more details.

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations per second (higher is better)

 Derby
embedded		H2
embedded		HSQLDB
embedded		SQLite
embedded		DB4O
embedded		ObjectDB
embedded		Derby
server		H2
server		MySQL
server		PostgreSQL
server		ObjectDB
server
DataNucleus6.52.30.65 failed 1.30.480.260.46 
EclipseLink4.32.31.3failed  0.961.10.410.027 
Hibernate2.61.41.7failed  0.620.610.510.016 
OpenJPA9.31.30.92   1.41.11.1failed 
ObjectDB     97.1    32.1

Performance comparison chart - The Y-Axis represents normalized score in logarithmic scale - higher is better:
JPA performance benchmark comparision Hibernate, EclipseLink, OpenJPA, DataNucleus, ObjectDB

Performance comparison chart - The Y-Axis represents normalized score in linear scale - higher is better:
JPA performance benchmark comparision Hibernate, EclipseLink, OpenJPA, DataNucleus, ObjectDB

Best and Worst JPA/Database Performer in this comparison

The Most Efficient (the Fastest):

1. ObjectDB embedded100
2. ObjectDB server33.1
3. OpenJPA with Derby embedded9.6
4. DataNucleus with Derby embedded6.7
5. EclipseLink with Derby embedded4.4
6. Hibernate with Derby embedded2.7
7. DataNucleus with H2 embedded2.4
8. EclipseLink with H2 embedded2.4
9. Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded1.7
10. OpenJPA with Derby server1.4
11. Hibernate with H2 embedded1.4
12. EclipseLink with HSQLDB embedded1.4
13. DataNucleus with Derby server1.4
14. OpenJPA with H2 embedded1.3
15. OpenJPA with H2 server1.2
16. EclipseLink with H2 server1.1
17. OpenJPA with MySQL server1.1

The Least Efficient (the Slowest):

18. EclipseLink with Derby server0.99
19. OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded0.95
20. DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded0.67
21. Hibernate with Derby server0.64
22. Hibernate with H2 server0.63
23. Hibernate with MySQL server0.53
24. DataNucleus with H2 server0.49
25. DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server0.48
26. EclipseLink with MySQL server0.43
27. DataNucleus with MySQL server0.27
28. EclipseLink with PostgreSQL server0.028
29. Hibernate with PostgreSQL server0.016
30. DataNucleus with DB4O embedded0.0000
31. EclipseLink with SQLite embedded0.0000
32. Hibernate with SQLite embedded0.0000
33. OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server0.0000

Problems (Exceptions) in these tests

  • EclipseLink with SQLite embedded
    Local Exception Stack: 
Exception [EclipseLink-3002] (Eclipse Persistence Services - 2.1.1.v20100817-r8050): org.eclipse.persistence.exceptions.ConversionException
Exception Description: The object [2,066,400,000], of class [class java.lang.Integer], from mapping [org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.DirectToFieldMapping[joinDate-->COLLECTIONPERSON.JOINDATE]] with descriptor [RelationalDescriptor(org.jpab.col.CollectionPerson --> [DatabaseTable(COLLECTIONPERSON)])], could not be converted to [class java.util.Date].
	at org.eclipse.persistence.exceptions.ConversionException.couldNotBeConverted(ConversionException.java:71)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.helper.ConversionManager.convertObjectToUtilDate(ConversionManager.java:761)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.helper.ConversionManager.convertObject(ConversionManager.java:101)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.databaseaccess.DatasourcePlatform.convertObject(DatasourcePlatform.java:157)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.converters.TypeConversionConverter.convertDataValueToObjectValue(TypeConversionConverter.java:119)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.foundation.AbstractDirectMapping.getAttributeValue(AbstractDirectMapping.java:675)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.foundation.AbstractDirectMapping.valueFromRow(AbstractDirectMapping.java:1263)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.foundation.AbstractDirectMapping.buildCloneFromRow(AbstractDirectMapping.java:1234)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildAttributesIntoWorkingCopyClone(ObjectBuilder.java:1338)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildWorkingCopyCloneFromRow(ObjectBuilder.java:1466)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildObjectInUnitOfWork(ObjectBuilder.java:558)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildObject(ObjectBuilder.java:502)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildObject(ObjectBuilder.java:454)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelReadQuery.buildObject(ObjectLevelReadQuery.java:721)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ReadAllQuery.registerResultInUnitOfWork(ReadAllQuery.java:723)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ReadAllQuery.executeObjectLevelReadQuery(ReadAllQuery.java:420)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelReadQuery.executeDatabaseQuery(ObjectLevelReadQuery.java:1074)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.DatabaseQuery.execute(DatabaseQuery.java:736)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelReadQuery.execute(ObjectLevelReadQuery.java:1034)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ReadAllQuery.execute(ReadAllQuery.java:380)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelReadQuery.executeInUnitOfWork(ObjectLevelReadQuery.java:1112)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.UnitOfWorkImpl.internalExecuteQuery(UnitOfWorkImpl.java:2909)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.executeQuery(AbstractSession.java:1291)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.executeQuery(AbstractSession.java:1273)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.executeQuery(AbstractSession.java:1247)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.jpa.EJBQueryImpl.executeReadQuery(EJBQueryImpl.java:479)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.jpa.EJBQueryImpl.getResultList(EJBQueryImpl.java:714)
	at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315)
	at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562)
	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
  • Hibernate with SQLite embedded
    javax.persistence.RollbackException: Error while committing the transaction
	at org.hibernate.ejb.TransactionImpl.commit(TransactionImpl.java:93)
	at org.jpab.Test.persist(Test.java:217)
	at org.jpab.Test.persist(Test.java:200)
	at org.jpab.Runner$PersistAction.run0(Runner.java:538)
	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
Caused by: javax.persistence.PersistenceException: org.hibernate.exception.GenericJDBCException: could not insert: [org.jpab.col.CollectionPerson]
	at org.hibernate.ejb.AbstractEntityManagerImpl.convert(AbstractEntityManagerImpl.java:1214)
	at org.hibernate.ejb.AbstractEntityManagerImpl.convert(AbstractEntityManagerImpl.java:1147)
	at org.hibernate.ejb.TransactionImpl.commit(TransactionImpl.java:81)
	... 5 more
Caused by: org.hibernate.exception.GenericJDBCException: could not insert: [org.jpab.col.CollectionPerson]
	at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.handledNonSpecificException(SQLStateConverter.java:140)
	at org.hibernate.exception.SQLStateConverter.convert(SQLStateConverter.java:128)
	at org.hibernate.exception.JDBCExceptionHelper.convert(JDBCExceptionHelper.java:66)
	at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.insert(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2436)
	at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.insert(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2856)
	at org.hibernate.action.EntityInsertAction.execute(EntityInsertAction.java:79)
	at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.execute(ActionQueue.java:273)
	at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.executeActions(ActionQueue.java:265)
	at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.executeActions(ActionQueue.java:184)
	at org.hibernate.event.def.AbstractFlushingEventListener.performExecutions(AbstractFlushingEventListener.java:321)
	at org.hibernate.event.def.DefaultFlushEventListener.onFlush(DefaultFlushEventListener.java:51)
	at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.flush(SessionImpl.java:1216)
	at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.managedFlush(SessionImpl.java:383)
	at org.hibernate.transaction.JDBCTransaction.commit(JDBCTransaction.java:133)
	at org.hibernate.ejb.TransactionImpl.commit(TransactionImpl.java:76)
	... 5 more
Caused by: java.sql.SQLException: PRIMARY KEY must be unique
	at org.sqlite.DB.throwex(DB.java:288)
	at org.sqlite.DB.executeBatch(DB.java:236)
	at org.sqlite.PrepStmt.executeBatch(PrepStmt.java:82)
	at com.mchange.v2.c3p0.impl.NewProxyPreparedStatement.executeBatch(NewProxyPreparedStatement.java:1723)
	at org.hibernate.jdbc.BatchingBatcher.doExecuteBatch(BatchingBatcher.java:70)
	at org.hibernate.jdbc.BatchingBatcher.addToBatch(BatchingBatcher.java:56)
	at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.insert(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2416)
	... 16 more
  • DataNucleus with DB4O embedded
    javax.persistence.PersistenceException: Compiled filter contains method "matches" which is not currently supported by SODA queries
	at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.NucleusJPAHelper.getJPAExceptionForNucleusException(NucleusJPAHelper.java:325)
	at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.JPAQuery.getResultList(JPAQuery.java:202)
	at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315)
	at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562)
	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
Caused by: org.datanucleus.exceptions.NucleusException: Compiled filter contains method "matches" which is not currently supported by SODA queries
	at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.QueryToSODAMapper.processInvokeExpression(QueryToSODAMapper.java:576)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compilePrimaryExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:200)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileUnaryExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:169)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileAdditiveMultiplicativeExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:148)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileRelationalExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:123)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileOrAndExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:65)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.evaluate(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:46)
	at org.datanucleus.query.expression.Expression.evaluate(Expression.java:335)
	at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.QueryToSODAMapper.compile(QueryToSODAMapper.java:95)
	at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.JPQLQuery.createSODAQuery(JPQLQuery.java:215)
	at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.JPQLQuery.performExecute(JPQLQuery.java:115)
	at org.datanucleus.store.query.Query.executeQuery(Query.java:1791)
	at org.datanucleus.store.query.Query.executeWithMap(Query.java:1694)
	at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.JPAQuery.getResultList(JPAQuery.java:185)
	... 4 more
  • OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server
     org.apache.openjpa.persistence.PersistenceException: ERROR: invalid escape string
  Hint: Escape string must be empty or one character. {prepstmnt 949412168 SELECT t0.id, t0.birthDate, t0.city, t0.country, t0.email, t0.firstName, t0.joinDate, t0.lastLoginDate, t0.lastName, t0.loginCount, t0.middleName, t0.state, t0.street, t0.zip FROM CollectionPerson t0 WHERE (t0.lastName LIKE ? ESCAPE '\\') [params=?]} [code=0, state=22025]
FailedObject: SELECT o FROM CollectionPerson o WHERE o.lastName LIKE :pattern [java.lang.String]
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.DBDictionary.narrow(DBDictionary.java:4871)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.DBDictionary.newStoreException(DBDictionary.java:4831)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SQLExceptions.getStore(SQLExceptions.java:136)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SQLExceptions.getStore(SQLExceptions.java:118)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SQLExceptions.getStore(SQLExceptions.java:70)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.SelectResultObjectProvider.handleCheckedException(SelectResultObjectProvider.java:155)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.rop.EagerResultList.(EagerResultList.java:40)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.toResult(QueryImpl.java:1251)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:1007)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:863)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:794)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.DelegatingQuery.execute(DelegatingQuery.java:542)
	at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:315)
	at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.getResultList(QueryImpl.java:331)
	at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315)
	at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562)
	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
Caused by: org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.ReportingSQLException: ERROR: invalid escape string
  Hint: Escape string must be empty or one character. {prepstmnt 949412168 SELECT t0.id, t0.birthDate, t0.city, t0.country, t0.email, t0.firstName, t0.joinDate, t0.lastLoginDate, t0.lastName, t0.loginCount, t0.middleName, t0.state, t0.street, t0.zip FROM CollectionPerson t0 WHERE (t0.lastName LIKE ? ESCAPE '\\') [params=?]} [code=0, state=22025]
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator.wrap(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:281)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator.wrap(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:265)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator.access$700(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:72)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator$LoggingConnection$LoggingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:1183)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.PostgresDictionary$PostgresPreparedStatement.executeQuery(PostgresDictionary.java:1012)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.JDBCStoreManager$CancelPreparedStatement.executeQuery(JDBCStoreManager.java:1783)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:274)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.executeQuery(SelectImpl.java:499)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:424)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:391)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion$UnionSelect.execute(LogicalUnion.java:427)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:230)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:220)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.SelectResultObjectProvider.open(SelectResultObjectProvider.java:94)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.rop.EagerResultList.(EagerResultList.java:34)
	... 11 more
NestedThrowables:
org.postgresql.util.PSQLException: ERROR: invalid escape string
  Hint: Escape string must be empty or one character.
	at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.receiveErrorResponse(QueryExecutorImpl.java:2103)
	at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.processResults(QueryExecutorImpl.java:1836)
	at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.execute(QueryExecutorImpl.java:257)
	at org.postgresql.jdbc2.AbstractJdbc2Statement.execute(AbstractJdbc2Statement.java:512)
	at org.postgresql.jdbc2.AbstractJdbc2Statement.executeWithFlags(AbstractJdbc2Statement.java:388)
	at org.postgresql.jdbc2.AbstractJdbc2Statement.executeQuery(AbstractJdbc2Statement.java:273)
	at org.apache.commons.dbcp.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:96)
	at org.apache.commons.dbcp.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:96)
	at org.apache.commons.dbcp.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:96)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:286)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator$LoggingConnection$LoggingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:1181)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.PostgresDictionary$PostgresPreparedStatement.executeQuery(PostgresDictionary.java:1012)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.JDBCStoreManager$CancelPreparedStatement.executeQuery(JDBCStoreManager.java:1783)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:274)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.executeQuery(SelectImpl.java:499)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:424)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:391)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion$UnionSelect.execute(LogicalUnion.java:427)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:230)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:220)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.SelectResultObjectProvider.open(SelectResultObjectProvider.java:94)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.rop.EagerResultList.(EagerResultList.java:34)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.toResult(QueryImpl.java:1251)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:1007)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:863)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:794)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.DelegatingQuery.execute(DelegatingQuery.java:542)
	at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:315)
	at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.getResultList(QueryImpl.java:331)
	at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315)
	at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562)
	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)