When one or more of the All filters is selected - only average normalized results are displayed. Please read Running and Results for more details.
Speed comparison of JPA database query operations per second (higher is better)
| Derby embedded | H2 embedded | HSQLDB embedded | SQLite embedded | DB4O embedded | ObjectDB embedded | Derby server | H2 server | MySQL server | PostgreSQL server | ObjectDB server | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DataNucleus | 4.9 | 2.0 | 0.79 | failed | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 8.5 | |||
| EclipseLink | 19.5 | 2.6 | 1.5 | failed | 7.6 | 1.8 | 0.79 | 14.9 | |||
| Hibernate | 9.8 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 0.36 | 6.5 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 11.3 | |||
| OpenJPA | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.2 | failed | ||||
| ObjectDB | 130 | 44.1 |
Performance comparison chart - The Y-Axis represents normalized score in logarithmic scale - higher is better:
Performance comparison chart - The Y-Axis represents normalized score in linear scale - higher is better:
Best and Worst JPA/Database Performer in this comparison
The Most Efficient (the Fastest):
| 1. | ObjectDB embedded | 100 |
| 2. | ObjectDB server | 34.0 |
| 3. | EclipseLink with Derby embedded | 15.0 |
| 4. | EclipseLink with PostgreSQL server | 11.5 |
| 5. | Hibernate with PostgreSQL server | 8.7 |
| 6. | Hibernate with Derby embedded | 7.6 |
| 7. | DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server | 6.6 |
| 8. | EclipseLink with Derby server | 5.9 |
| 9. | Hibernate with Derby server | 5.0 |
| 10. | DataNucleus with Derby embedded | 3.8 |
| 11. | EclipseLink with H2 embedded | 2.0 |
| 12. | DataNucleus with Derby server | 1.8 |
| 13. | DataNucleus with MySQL server | 1.7 |
| 14. | Hibernate with MySQL server | 1.6 |
| 15. | DataNucleus with H2 embedded | 1.6 |
| 16. | Hibernate with H2 embedded | 1.5 |
| 17. | DataNucleus with H2 server | 1.5 |
The Least Efficient (the Slowest):
| 18. | Hibernate with H2 server | 1.4 |
| 19. | EclipseLink with H2 server | 1.3 |
| 20. | OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded | 1.3 |
| 21. | OpenJPA with Derby embedded | 1.3 |
| 22. | OpenJPA with H2 embedded | 1.2 |
| 23. | OpenJPA with H2 server | 1.1 |
| 24. | EclipseLink with HSQLDB embedded | 1.1 |
| 25. | Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded | 1.0 |
| 26. | OpenJPA with Derby server | 1.0 |
| 27. | OpenJPA with MySQL server | 0.90 |
| 28. | EclipseLink with MySQL server | 0.61 |
| 29. | DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded | 0.61 |
| 30. | Hibernate with SQLite embedded | 0.28 |
| 31. | DataNucleus with DB4O embedded | 0.0000 |
| 32. | EclipseLink with SQLite embedded | 0.0000 |
| 33. | OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server | 0.0000 |
Problems (Exceptions) in these tests
- EclipseLink with SQLite embedded
Local Exception Stack: Exception [EclipseLink-3002] (Eclipse Persistence Services - 2.1.1.v20100817-r8050): org.eclipse.persistence.exceptions.ConversionException Exception Description: The object [943,200,000], of class [class java.lang.Integer], from mapping [org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.DirectToFieldMapping[joinDate-->PERSONBASE.JOINDATE]] with descriptor [RelationalDescriptor(org.jpab.ext.PersonExtExt --> [DatabaseTable(PERSONBASE)])], could not be converted to [class java.util.Date]. at org.eclipse.persistence.exceptions.ConversionException.couldNotBeConverted(ConversionException.java:71) at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.helper.ConversionManager.convertObjectToUtilDate(ConversionManager.java:761) at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.helper.ConversionManager.convertObject(ConversionManager.java:101) at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.databaseaccess.DatasourcePlatform.convertObject(DatasourcePlatform.java:157) at org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.converters.TypeConversionConverter.convertDataValueToObjectValue(TypeConversionConverter.java:119) at org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.foundation.AbstractDirectMapping.getAttributeValue(AbstractDirectMapping.java:675) at org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.foundation.AbstractDirectMapping.valueFromRow(AbstractDirectMapping.java:1263) at org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.foundation.AbstractDirectMapping.buildCloneFromRow(AbstractDirectMapping.java:1234) at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildAttributesIntoWorkingCopyClone(ObjectBuilder.java:1338) at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildWorkingCopyCloneFromRow(ObjectBuilder.java:1466) at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildObjectInUnitOfWork(ObjectBuilder.java:558) at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildObject(ObjectBuilder.java:502) at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildObject(ObjectBuilder.java:454) at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelReadQuery.buildObject(ObjectLevelReadQuery.java:721) at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ReadAllQuery.registerResultInUnitOfWork(ReadAllQuery.java:723) at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ReadAllQuery.executeObjectLevelReadQuery(ReadAllQuery.java:420) at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelReadQuery.executeDatabaseQuery(ObjectLevelReadQuery.java:1074) at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.DatabaseQuery.execute(DatabaseQuery.java:736) at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelReadQuery.execute(ObjectLevelReadQuery.java:1034) at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ReadAllQuery.execute(ReadAllQuery.java:380) at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelReadQuery.executeInUnitOfWork(ObjectLevelReadQuery.java:1112) at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.UnitOfWorkImpl.internalExecuteQuery(UnitOfWorkImpl.java:2909) at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.executeQuery(AbstractSession.java:1291) at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.executeQuery(AbstractSession.java:1273) at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.executeQuery(AbstractSession.java:1247) at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.jpa.EJBQueryImpl.executeReadQuery(EJBQueryImpl.java:479) at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.jpa.EJBQueryImpl.getResultList(EJBQueryImpl.java:714) at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315) at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562) at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
- DataNucleus with DB4O embedded
javax.persistence.PersistenceException: Compiled filter contains method "matches" which is not currently supported by SODA queries at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.NucleusJPAHelper.getJPAExceptionForNucleusException(NucleusJPAHelper.java:325) at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.JPAQuery.getResultList(JPAQuery.java:202) at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315) at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562) at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662) Caused by: org.datanucleus.exceptions.NucleusException: Compiled filter contains method "matches" which is not currently supported by SODA queries at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.QueryToSODAMapper.processInvokeExpression(QueryToSODAMapper.java:576) at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compilePrimaryExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:200) at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileUnaryExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:169) at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileAdditiveMultiplicativeExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:148) at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileRelationalExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:123) at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileOrAndExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:65) at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.evaluate(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:46) at org.datanucleus.query.expression.Expression.evaluate(Expression.java:335) at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.QueryToSODAMapper.compile(QueryToSODAMapper.java:95) at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.JPQLQuery.createSODAQuery(JPQLQuery.java:215) at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.JPQLQuery.performExecute(JPQLQuery.java:115) at org.datanucleus.store.query.Query.executeQuery(Query.java:1791) at org.datanucleus.store.query.Query.executeWithMap(Query.java:1694) at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.JPAQuery.getResultList(JPAQuery.java:185) ... 4 more
- OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server
(EagerResultList.java:40) at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.toResult(QueryImpl.java:1251) at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:1007) at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:863) at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:794) at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.DelegatingQuery.execute(DelegatingQuery.java:542) at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:315) at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.getResultList(QueryImpl.java:331) at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315) at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562) at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662) Caused by: org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.ReportingSQLException: ERROR: invalid escape string Hint: Escape string must be empty or one character. {prepstmnt 1944317562 SELECT t0.id, t0.DTYPE, t0.firstName, t0.lastName, t0.middleName, t0.city, t0.country, t0.email, t0.phone, t0.state, t0.street, t0.zip, t0.birthDate, t0.joinDate, t0.lastLoginDate, t0.loginCount FROM PersonBase t0 WHERE (t0.lastName LIKE ? ESCAPE '\\') AND t0.DTYPE = ? [params=?, ?]} [code=0, state=22025] at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator.wrap(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:281) at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator.wrap(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:265) at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator.access$700(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:72) at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator$LoggingConnection$LoggingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:1183) at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.PostgresDictionary$PostgresPreparedStatement.executeQuery(PostgresDictionary.java:1012) at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.JDBCStoreManager$CancelPreparedStatement.executeQuery(JDBCStoreManager.java:1783) at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:274) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.executeQuery(SelectImpl.java:499) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:424) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:391) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion$UnionSelect.execute(LogicalUnion.java:427) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:230) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:220) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.SelectResultObjectProvider.open(SelectResultObjectProvider.java:94) at org.apache.openjpa.lib.rop.EagerResultList. (EagerResultList.java:34) ... 11 more NestedThrowables: org.postgresql.util.PSQLException: ERROR: invalid escape string Hint: Escape string must be empty or one character. at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.receiveErrorResponse(QueryExecutorImpl.java:2103) at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.processResults(QueryExecutorImpl.java:1836) at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.execute(QueryExecutorImpl.java:257) at org.postgresql.jdbc2.AbstractJdbc2Statement.execute(AbstractJdbc2Statement.java:512) at org.postgresql.jdbc2.AbstractJdbc2Statement.executeWithFlags(AbstractJdbc2Statement.java:388) at org.postgresql.jdbc2.AbstractJdbc2Statement.executeQuery(AbstractJdbc2Statement.java:273) at org.apache.commons.dbcp.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:96) at org.apache.commons.dbcp.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:96) at org.apache.commons.dbcp.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:96) at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:286) at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator$LoggingConnection$LoggingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:1181) at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.PostgresDictionary$PostgresPreparedStatement.executeQuery(PostgresDictionary.java:1012) at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.JDBCStoreManager$CancelPreparedStatement.executeQuery(JDBCStoreManager.java:1783) at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:274) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.executeQuery(SelectImpl.java:499) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:424) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:391) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion$UnionSelect.execute(LogicalUnion.java:427) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:230) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:220) at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.SelectResultObjectProvider.open(SelectResultObjectProvider.java:94) at org.apache.openjpa.lib.rop.EagerResultList. (EagerResultList.java:34) at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.toResult(QueryImpl.java:1251) at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:1007) at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:863) at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:794) at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.DelegatingQuery.execute(DelegatingQuery.java:542) at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:315) at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.getResultList(QueryImpl.java:331) at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315) at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562) at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
The results above are in use in calculating the following average results
- All Tests - All Operations - All Batch Size Modes
- All Tests - All Operations - Many Entities (5000)
- All Tests - Query Operations - All Batch Size Modes
- All Tests - Query Operations - Many Entities (5000)
- Inheritance Test - All Operations - All Batch Size Modes
- Inheritance Test - All Operations - Many Entities (5000)
- Inheritance Test - Query Operations - All Batch Size Modes
