Choose benchmark test, operation and batch mode:

When one or more of the All filters is selected - only average normalized results are displayed. Please read Running and Results for more details.

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations per second (higher is better)

 Derby
embedded		H2
embedded		HSQLDB
embedded		SQLite
embedded		DB4O
embedded		ObjectDB
embedded		Derby
server		H2
server		MySQL
server		PostgreSQL
server		ObjectDB
server
DataNucleus10.92.50.85 failed 6.72.03.48.7 
EclipseLink67.031.045.3failed  16.610.90.7113.6 
Hibernate20.214.229.50.58  12.57.92.711.9 
OpenJPA23.231.546.6   15.910.22.9failed 
ObjectDB     136    72.3

Performance comparison chart - The Y-Axis represents normalized score in logarithmic scale - higher is better:
JPA performance benchmark comparision Hibernate, EclipseLink, OpenJPA, DataNucleus, ObjectDB

Performance comparison chart - The Y-Axis represents normalized score in linear scale - higher is better:
JPA performance benchmark comparision Hibernate, EclipseLink, OpenJPA, DataNucleus, ObjectDB

Best and Worst JPA/Database Performer in this comparison

The Most Efficient (the Fastest):

1. ObjectDB embedded100
2. ObjectDB server53.3
3. EclipseLink with Derby embedded49.3
4. OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded34.3
5. EclipseLink with HSQLDB embedded33.3
6. OpenJPA with H2 embedded23.2
7. EclipseLink with H2 embedded22.8
8. Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded21.7
9. OpenJPA with Derby embedded17.1
10. Hibernate with Derby embedded14.8
11. EclipseLink with Derby server12.2
12. OpenJPA with Derby server11.7
13. Hibernate with H2 embedded10.5
14. EclipseLink with PostgreSQL server10.0
15. Hibernate with Derby server9.2
16. Hibernate with PostgreSQL server8.8
17. EclipseLink with H2 server8.0

The Least Efficient (the Slowest):

18. DataNucleus with Derby embedded8.0
19. OpenJPA with H2 server7.5
20. DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server6.4
21. Hibernate with H2 server5.8
22. DataNucleus with Derby server4.9
23. DataNucleus with MySQL server2.5
24. OpenJPA with MySQL server2.1
25. Hibernate with MySQL server2.0
26. DataNucleus with H2 embedded1.8
27. DataNucleus with H2 server1.5
28. DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded0.63
29. EclipseLink with MySQL server0.52
30. Hibernate with SQLite embedded0.43
31. DataNucleus with DB4O embedded0.0000
32. EclipseLink with SQLite embedded0.0000
33. OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server0.0000

Problems (Exceptions) in these tests

  • EclipseLink with SQLite embedded
    Local Exception Stack: 
Exception [EclipseLink-3002] (Eclipse Persistence Services - 2.1.1.v20100817-r8050): org.eclipse.persistence.exceptions.ConversionException
Exception Description: The object [684,000,000], of class [class java.lang.Integer], from mapping [org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.DirectToFieldMapping[joinDate-->INDEXEDPERSON.JOINDATE]] with descriptor [RelationalDescriptor(org.jpab.index.IndexedPerson --> [DatabaseTable(INDEXEDPERSON)])], could not be converted to [class java.util.Date].
	at org.eclipse.persistence.exceptions.ConversionException.couldNotBeConverted(ConversionException.java:71)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.helper.ConversionManager.convertObjectToUtilDate(ConversionManager.java:761)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.helper.ConversionManager.convertObject(ConversionManager.java:101)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.databaseaccess.DatasourcePlatform.convertObject(DatasourcePlatform.java:157)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.converters.TypeConversionConverter.convertDataValueToObjectValue(TypeConversionConverter.java:119)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.foundation.AbstractDirectMapping.getAttributeValue(AbstractDirectMapping.java:675)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.foundation.AbstractDirectMapping.valueFromRow(AbstractDirectMapping.java:1263)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.mappings.foundation.AbstractDirectMapping.buildCloneFromRow(AbstractDirectMapping.java:1234)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildAttributesIntoWorkingCopyClone(ObjectBuilder.java:1338)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildWorkingCopyCloneFromRow(ObjectBuilder.java:1466)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildObjectInUnitOfWork(ObjectBuilder.java:558)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildObject(ObjectBuilder.java:502)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.descriptors.ObjectBuilder.buildObject(ObjectBuilder.java:454)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelReadQuery.buildObject(ObjectLevelReadQuery.java:721)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ReadAllQuery.registerResultInUnitOfWork(ReadAllQuery.java:723)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ReadAllQuery.executeObjectLevelReadQuery(ReadAllQuery.java:420)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelReadQuery.executeDatabaseQuery(ObjectLevelReadQuery.java:1074)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.DatabaseQuery.execute(DatabaseQuery.java:736)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelReadQuery.execute(ObjectLevelReadQuery.java:1034)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ReadAllQuery.execute(ReadAllQuery.java:380)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.queries.ObjectLevelReadQuery.executeInUnitOfWork(ObjectLevelReadQuery.java:1112)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.UnitOfWorkImpl.internalExecuteQuery(UnitOfWorkImpl.java:2909)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.executeQuery(AbstractSession.java:1291)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.executeQuery(AbstractSession.java:1273)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.sessions.AbstractSession.executeQuery(AbstractSession.java:1247)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.jpa.EJBQueryImpl.executeReadQuery(EJBQueryImpl.java:479)
	at org.eclipse.persistence.internal.jpa.EJBQueryImpl.getResultList(EJBQueryImpl.java:714)
	at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315)
	at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562)
	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
  • DataNucleus with DB4O embedded
    javax.persistence.PersistenceException: Compiled filter contains method "matches" which is not currently supported by SODA queries
	at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.NucleusJPAHelper.getJPAExceptionForNucleusException(NucleusJPAHelper.java:325)
	at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.JPAQuery.getResultList(JPAQuery.java:202)
	at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315)
	at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562)
	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
Caused by: org.datanucleus.exceptions.NucleusException: Compiled filter contains method "matches" which is not currently supported by SODA queries
	at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.QueryToSODAMapper.processInvokeExpression(QueryToSODAMapper.java:576)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compilePrimaryExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:200)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileUnaryExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:169)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileAdditiveMultiplicativeExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:148)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileRelationalExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:123)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.compileOrAndExpression(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:65)
	at org.datanucleus.query.evaluator.AbstractExpressionEvaluator.evaluate(AbstractExpressionEvaluator.java:46)
	at org.datanucleus.query.expression.Expression.evaluate(Expression.java:335)
	at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.QueryToSODAMapper.compile(QueryToSODAMapper.java:95)
	at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.JPQLQuery.createSODAQuery(JPQLQuery.java:215)
	at org.datanucleus.store.db4o.query.JPQLQuery.performExecute(JPQLQuery.java:115)
	at org.datanucleus.store.query.Query.executeQuery(Query.java:1791)
	at org.datanucleus.store.query.Query.executeWithMap(Query.java:1694)
	at org.datanucleus.api.jpa.JPAQuery.getResultList(JPAQuery.java:185)
	... 4 more
  • OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server
     org.apache.openjpa.persistence.PersistenceException: ERROR: invalid escape string
  Hint: Escape string must be empty or one character. {prepstmnt 1912736861 SELECT t0.id, t0.birthDate, t0.city, t0.country, t0.email, t0.firstName, t0.joinDate, t0.lastLoginDate, t0.lastName, t0.loginCount, t0.middleName, t0.phone, t0.state, t0.street, t0.zip FROM IndexedPerson t0 WHERE (t0.lastName LIKE ? ESCAPE '\\') [params=?]} [code=0, state=22025]
FailedObject: SELECT o FROM IndexedPerson o WHERE o.lastName LIKE :pattern [java.lang.String]
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.DBDictionary.narrow(DBDictionary.java:4871)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.DBDictionary.newStoreException(DBDictionary.java:4831)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SQLExceptions.getStore(SQLExceptions.java:136)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SQLExceptions.getStore(SQLExceptions.java:118)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SQLExceptions.getStore(SQLExceptions.java:70)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.SelectResultObjectProvider.handleCheckedException(SelectResultObjectProvider.java:155)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.rop.EagerResultList.(EagerResultList.java:40)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.toResult(QueryImpl.java:1251)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:1007)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:863)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:794)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.DelegatingQuery.execute(DelegatingQuery.java:542)
	at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:315)
	at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.getResultList(QueryImpl.java:331)
	at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315)
	at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562)
	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)
Caused by: org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.ReportingSQLException: ERROR: invalid escape string
  Hint: Escape string must be empty or one character. {prepstmnt 1912736861 SELECT t0.id, t0.birthDate, t0.city, t0.country, t0.email, t0.firstName, t0.joinDate, t0.lastLoginDate, t0.lastName, t0.loginCount, t0.middleName, t0.phone, t0.state, t0.street, t0.zip FROM IndexedPerson t0 WHERE (t0.lastName LIKE ? ESCAPE '\\') [params=?]} [code=0, state=22025]
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator.wrap(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:281)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator.wrap(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:265)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator.access$700(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:72)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator$LoggingConnection$LoggingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:1183)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.PostgresDictionary$PostgresPreparedStatement.executeQuery(PostgresDictionary.java:1012)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.JDBCStoreManager$CancelPreparedStatement.executeQuery(JDBCStoreManager.java:1783)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:274)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.executeQuery(SelectImpl.java:499)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:424)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:391)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion$UnionSelect.execute(LogicalUnion.java:427)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:230)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:220)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.SelectResultObjectProvider.open(SelectResultObjectProvider.java:94)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.rop.EagerResultList.(EagerResultList.java:34)
	... 11 more
NestedThrowables:
org.postgresql.util.PSQLException: ERROR: invalid escape string
  Hint: Escape string must be empty or one character.
	at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.receiveErrorResponse(QueryExecutorImpl.java:2103)
	at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.processResults(QueryExecutorImpl.java:1836)
	at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.execute(QueryExecutorImpl.java:257)
	at org.postgresql.jdbc2.AbstractJdbc2Statement.execute(AbstractJdbc2Statement.java:512)
	at org.postgresql.jdbc2.AbstractJdbc2Statement.executeWithFlags(AbstractJdbc2Statement.java:388)
	at org.postgresql.jdbc2.AbstractJdbc2Statement.executeQuery(AbstractJdbc2Statement.java:273)
	at org.apache.commons.dbcp.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:96)
	at org.apache.commons.dbcp.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:96)
	at org.apache.commons.dbcp.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:96)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:286)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.LoggingConnectionDecorator$LoggingConnection$LoggingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(LoggingConnectionDecorator.java:1181)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.PostgresDictionary$PostgresPreparedStatement.executeQuery(PostgresDictionary.java:1012)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:284)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.JDBCStoreManager$CancelPreparedStatement.executeQuery(JDBCStoreManager.java:1783)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.jdbc.DelegatingPreparedStatement.executeQuery(DelegatingPreparedStatement.java:274)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.executeQuery(SelectImpl.java:499)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:424)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.SelectImpl.execute(SelectImpl.java:391)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion$UnionSelect.execute(LogicalUnion.java:427)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:230)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.sql.LogicalUnion.execute(LogicalUnion.java:220)
	at org.apache.openjpa.jdbc.kernel.SelectResultObjectProvider.open(SelectResultObjectProvider.java:94)
	at org.apache.openjpa.lib.rop.EagerResultList.(EagerResultList.java:34)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.toResult(QueryImpl.java:1251)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:1007)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:863)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:794)
	at org.apache.openjpa.kernel.DelegatingQuery.execute(DelegatingQuery.java:542)
	at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.execute(QueryImpl.java:315)
	at org.apache.openjpa.persistence.QueryImpl.getResultList(QueryImpl.java:331)
	at org.jpab.Test.query(Test.java:315)
	at org.jpab.Runner$QueryAction.run0(Runner.java:562)
	at org.jpab.Runner$TestAction.run(Runner.java:517)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:662)