Comparison of Hibernate with Derby embedded vs OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	5.9	13.3	3.8	6.9	4.9	10.1
Element Collection Test	2.9	8.6	1.8	5.3	2.3	7.0
Inheritance Test	5.3	12.2	3.7	5.8	4.5	9.0
Indexing Test	7.0	16.7	4.8	9.1	5.9	12.9
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	1.9	6.1	1.7	7.3	1.8	6.7
Multithreading Test	10.5	26.8	3.7	7.0	7.1	16.9
All Tests	5.6	13.9	3.3	6.9	4.4	10.4

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is more efficient than Hibernate with Derby embedded in persisting JPA entity objects to the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby embedded database (4.4) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (10.4) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 2.4 times faster than Hibernate with Derby embedded.

A large performance gap has been detected when using graphs of objects with large transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby embedded database (1.7) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (7.3) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 4.3 times faster than Hibernate with Derby embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	14.2	21.8	16.4	30.1	15.3	25.9
Element Collection Test	4.4	0.0068	4.9	4.5	4.6	2.2
Inheritance Test	10.3	0.0025	18.6	2.0	14.4	0.98
Indexing Test	10.0	22.1	16.4	43.6	13.2	32.9
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	2.6	2.1	3.0	2.1	2.8	2.1
Multithreading Test	19.3	20.9	19.3	23.5	19.3	22.2
All Tests	10.1	11.1	13.1	17.6	11.6	14.4

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is slightly more efficient than Hibernate with Derby embedded in retrieving JPA entity objects from the database.

A large performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with large retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby embedded database (16.4) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (43.6) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 2.7 times faster than Hibernate with Derby embedded.

On the other hand, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is slower, for instance, when using class inheritance in the object model with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (0.0025) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby embedded database (10.3) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 4,120 times slower than Hibernate with Derby embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	49.3	2.8	6.8	0.91	28.1	1.9
Element Collection Test	37.6	1.4	2.7	0.95	20.1	1.2
Inheritance Test	24.1	2.4	7.6	1.3	15.9	1.8
Indexing Test	5.3	15.4	14.8	34.3	10.1	24.9
Multithreading Test	39.7	1.4	6.1	0.53	22.9	0.95
All Tests	31.2	4.7	7.6	7.6	19.4	6.1

The results above show that in general Hibernate with Derby embedded is much more efficient than OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded in executing the tested JPA queries. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (6.1) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby embedded database (19.4) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with Derby embedded is 3.2 times faster than OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using multithreading with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (1.4) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby embedded database (39.7) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with Derby embedded is 28.4 times faster than OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded.

On the other hand, Hibernate with Derby embedded is slower, for instance, when using database indexes with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby embedded database (5.3) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (15.4) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with Derby embedded is 2.9 times slower than OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	4.5	12.0	3.2	5.3	3.8	8.6
Element Collection Test	3.9	0.017	3.1	3.7	3.5	1.8
Inheritance Test	4.6	0.0098	4.5	2.0	4.5	0.99
Indexing Test	4.6	9.3	5.5	5.5	5.1	7.4
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	2.7	2.5	1.2	1.6	2.0	2.1
Multithreading Test	11.6	20.0	2.6	3.7	7.1	11.8
All Tests	5.3	7.3	3.3	3.6	4.3	5.5

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is slightly more efficient than Hibernate with Derby embedded in updating JPA entity objects in the database.

A large performance gap has been detected when using simple basic entities with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby embedded database (4.5) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (12.0) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 2.7 times faster than Hibernate with Derby embedded.

On the other hand, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is slower, for instance, when using class inheritance in the object model with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (0.0098) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby embedded database (4.6) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 469 times slower than Hibernate with Derby embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	3.8	21.3	4.2	15.7	4.0	18.5
Element Collection Test	2.3	0.011	1.5	2.9	1.9	1.5
Inheritance Test	4.0	0.0070	4.3	3.5	4.2	1.8
Indexing Test	5.5	28.8	3.6	15.2	4.6	22.0
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.74	2.9	0.96	3.6	0.85	3.2
Multithreading Test	5.6	26.0	4.9	19.6	5.3	22.8
All Tests	3.7	13.2	3.3	10.1	3.5	11.6

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with Derby embedded in deleting JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby embedded database (3.5) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (11.6) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 3.3 times faster than Hibernate with Derby embedded.

A large performance gap has been detected when using simple basic entities with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby embedded database (3.8) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (21.3) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 5.6 times faster than Hibernate with Derby embedded.

On the other hand, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is slower, for instance, when using class inheritance in the object model with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (0.0070) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby embedded database (4.0) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 571 times slower than Hibernate with Derby embedded.

Comparison of database storage efficiency (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	52.7	41.4	52.7	41.4	52.7	41.4
Element Collection Test	42.3	46.9	42.3	46.9	42.3	46.9
Inheritance Test	49.2	41.4	49.2	41.4	49.2	41.4
Indexing Test	53.0	48.4	53.9	49.2	53.4	48.8
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	13.1	28.5	9.8	21.4	11.5	25.0
Multithreading Test	49.3	51.9	8.8	10.3	29.0	31.1
All Tests	43.3	43.1	36.1	35.1	39.7	39.1

The results above show that in general Hibernate with Derby embedded is slightly more efficient than OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded in using disk space.

On the other hand, Hibernate with Derby embedded is slower, for instance, when using graphs of objects with large transaction size. Comparing the normalized score of Hibernate with Derby embedded database (9.8) to the normalized score of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (21.4) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with Derby embedded is 2.2 times less efficient than OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded.

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate Derby embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	15.5	14.3	6.9	11.8	11.2	13.0
Element Collection Test	10.2	2.0	2.8	3.5	6.5	2.7
Inheritance Test	9.7	2.9	7.7	2.9	8.7	2.9
Indexing Test	6.5	18.5	9.0	21.6	7.8	20.0
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	2.0	3.4	1.7	3.7	1.8	3.5
Multithreading Test	17.3	19.0	7.3	10.9	12.3	14.9
All Tests	10.5	10.2	6.1	9.2	8.3	9.7

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is slightly more efficient than Hibernate with Derby embedded in performing JPA database operations.

A large performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby embedded database (6.5) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (18.5) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 2.8 times faster than Hibernate with Derby embedded.

On the other hand, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is slower, for instance, when using JPA element collections with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (2.0) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby embedded database (10.2) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 5.1 times slower than Hibernate with Derby embedded.

JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)