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JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)

Comparison of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded vs Hibernate with SQLite embedded

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	13.3	0.083	6.9	1.0	10.1	0.55
Element Collection Test	8.6	0.067	5.3	0.69	7.0	0.38
Inheritance Test	12.2	0.080	5.8	0.99	9.0	0.54
Indexing Test	16.7	0.098	9.1	1.0	12.9	0.55
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	6.1	0.27	7.3	0.96	6.7	0.61
Multithreading Test	26.8	failed	7.0	failed	16.9	failed
All Tests	13.9	0.12	6.9	0.93	10.4	0.53

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 2 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in persisting JPA entity objects to the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.53) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (10.4) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 19.6 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.098) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (16.7) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 170 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	21.8	1.8	30.1	1.3	25.9	1.5
Element Collection Test	0.0068	0.0008	4.5	failed	2.2	0.0008
Inheritance Test	0.0025	2.4	2.0	1.4	0.98	1.9
Indexing Test	22.1	1.9	43.6	2.3	32.9	2.1
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	2.1	0.56	2.1	0.88	2.1	0.72
Multithreading Test	20.9	failed	23.5	failed	22.2	failed
All Tests	11.1	1.3	17.6	1.5	14.4	1.4

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in retrieving JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (1.4) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (14.4) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 10.3 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using simple basic entities with large retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (1.3) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (30.1) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 23.2 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

On the other hand, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is slower, for instance, when using class inheritance in the object model with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (0.0025) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (2.4) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 960 times slower than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	2.8	1.1	0.91	0.22	1.9	0.65
Element Collection Test	1.4	0.39	0.95	failed	1.2	0.39
Inheritance Test	2.4	0.53	1.3	0.28	1.8	0.40
Indexing Test	15.4	0.0011	34.3	0.43	24.9	0.21
Multithreading Test	1.4	failed	0.53	failed	0.95	failed
All Tests	4.7	0.50	7.6	0.31	6.1	0.42

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in executing the tested JPA queries. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.42) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (6.1) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 14.5 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.0011) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (15.4) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 14,000 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	12.0	0.076	5.3	0.65	8.6	0.37
Element Collection Test	0.017	0.0022	3.7	failed	1.8	0.0022
Inheritance Test	0.0098	0.079	2.0	0.97	0.99	0.53
Indexing Test	9.3	0.057	5.5	0.54	7.4	0.30
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	2.5	0.26	1.6	0.42	2.1	0.34
Multithreading Test	20.0	failed	3.7	failed	11.8	failed
All Tests	7.3	0.094	3.6	0.65	5.5	0.34

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in updating JPA entity objects in the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.34) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (5.5) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 16.2 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.057) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (9.3) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 163 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

On the other hand, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is slower, for instance, when using class inheritance in the object model with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (0.0098) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.079) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 8.1 times slower than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	21.3	0.061	15.7	0.91	18.5	0.49
Element Collection Test	0.011	0.0007	2.9	failed	1.5	0.0007
Inheritance Test	0.0070	0.058	3.5	0.90	1.8	0.48
Indexing Test	28.8	0.079	15.2	0.54	22.0	0.31
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	2.9	0.24	3.6	0.80	3.2	0.52
Multithreading Test	26.0	failed	19.6	failed	22.8	failed
All Tests	13.2	0.088	10.1	0.79	11.6	0.40

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in deleting JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.40) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (11.6) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 29.0 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.079) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (28.8) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 365 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

On the other hand, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is slower, for instance, when using class inheritance in the object model with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (0.0070) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.058) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 8.3 times slower than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Comparison of database storage efficiency (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	41.4	90.2	41.4	90.2	41.4	90.2
Element Collection Test	46.9	82.0	46.9	82.0	46.9	82.0
Inheritance Test	41.4	80.5	41.4	80.5	41.4	80.5
Indexing Test	48.4	93.4	49.2	94.8	48.8	94.1
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	28.5	67.9	21.4	50.9	25.0	59.4
Multithreading Test	51.9	failed	10.3	failed	31.1	failed
All Tests	43.1	82.8	35.1	79.7	39.1	81.2

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 2 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general Hibernate with SQLite embedded is more efficient than OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded in using disk space. Comparing the normalized score of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (39.1) to the normalized score of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (81.2) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with SQLite embedded is 2.1 times more efficient than OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded.

A large gap has been detected when using graphs of objects with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized score of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (28.5) to the normalized score of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (67.9) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with SQLite embedded is 2.4 times more efficient than OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded.

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	14.3	0.63	11.8	0.81	13.0	0.72
Element Collection Test	2.0	0.092	3.5	0.69	2.7	0.19
Inheritance Test	2.9	0.63	2.9	0.91	2.9	0.77
Indexing Test	18.5	0.42	21.6	0.96	20.0	0.69
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	3.4	0.33	3.7	0.77	3.5	0.55
Multithreading Test	19.0	failed	10.9	failed	14.9	failed
All Tests	10.2	0.42	9.2	0.86	9.7	0.62

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in performing JPA database operations. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.62) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (9.7) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 15.6 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.42) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded database (18.5) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with HSQLDB embedded is 44.0 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Other Head to Head DBMS/JPA Comparisons

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The benchmark program is released as open source under the GPL license.