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JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)

Comparison of Hibernate with SQLite embedded vs OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server
Basic Person Test	0.083	5.2	1.0	4.8	0.55	5.0
Element Collection Test	0.067	2.8	0.69	2.2	0.38	2.5
Inheritance Test	0.080	4.6	0.99	3.2	0.54	3.9
Indexing Test	0.098	7.4	1.0	6.9	0.55	7.1
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.27	0.98	0.96	0.81	0.61	0.89
Multithreading Test	failed	23.4	failed	9.1	failed	16.2
All Tests	0.12	7.4	0.93	4.5	0.53	5.9

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 2 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in persisting JPA entity objects to the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.53) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with PostgreSQL database server (5.9) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server is 11.1 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.098) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with PostgreSQL database server (7.4) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server is 75.5 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server
Basic Person Test	1.8	5.8	1.3	16.1	1.5	10.9
Element Collection Test	0.0008	0.013	failed	8.7	0.0008	4.4
Inheritance Test	2.4	5.2	1.4	17.6	1.9	11.4
Indexing Test	1.9	4.8	2.3	18.7	2.1	11.8
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.56	0.27	0.88	0.35	0.72	0.31
Multithreading Test	failed	11.9	failed	23.3	failed	17.6
All Tests	1.3	4.7	1.5	14.1	1.4	9.4

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in retrieving JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (1.4) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with PostgreSQL database server (9.4) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server is 6.7 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.0008) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with PostgreSQL database server (0.013) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server is 16.2 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

On the other hand, OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server is slower, for instance, when using graphs of objects with large retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with PostgreSQL database server (0.35) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.88) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server is 2.5 times slower than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server
Basic Person Test	1.1	failed	0.22	failed	0.65	failed
Element Collection Test	0.39	failed	failed	failed	0.39	failed
Inheritance Test	0.53	failed	0.28	failed	0.40	failed
Indexing Test	0.0011	failed	0.43	failed	0.21	failed
Multithreading Test	failed	failed	failed	failed	failed	failed
All Tests	0.50	failed	0.31	failed	0.42	failed

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions). OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server has failed in 10 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server
Basic Person Test	0.076	4.9	0.65	3.9	0.37	4.4
Element Collection Test	0.0022	0.033	failed	4.6	0.0022	2.3
Inheritance Test	0.079	4.8	0.97	4.9	0.53	4.9
Indexing Test	0.057	5.1	0.54	6.0	0.30	5.6
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.26	0.57	0.42	0.31	0.34	0.44
Multithreading Test	failed	22.2	failed	7.4	failed	14.8
All Tests	0.094	6.3	0.65	4.5	0.34	5.4

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in updating JPA entity objects in the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.34) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with PostgreSQL database server (5.4) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server is 15.9 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.057) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with PostgreSQL database server (5.1) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server is 89.5 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server
Basic Person Test	0.061	4.6	0.91	5.3	0.49	5.0
Element Collection Test	0.0007	0.032	failed	2.8	0.0007	1.4
Inheritance Test	0.058	4.3	0.90	4.6	0.48	4.4
Indexing Test	0.079	8.0	0.54	7.1	0.31	7.5
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.24	0.53	0.80	0.55	0.52	0.54
Multithreading Test	failed	17.4	failed	9.1	failed	13.3
All Tests	0.088	5.8	0.79	4.9	0.40	5.4

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in deleting JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.40) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with PostgreSQL database server (5.4) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server is 13.5 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.079) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with PostgreSQL database server (8.0) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server is 101 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	OpenJPA PostgreSQL server
Basic Person Test	0.63	5.1	0.81	7.5	0.72	6.3
Element Collection Test	0.092	0.72	0.69	4.6	0.19	2.6
Inheritance Test	0.63	4.7	0.91	7.6	0.77	6.2
Indexing Test	0.42	6.3	0.96	9.7	0.69	8.0
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.33	0.59	0.77	0.50	0.55	0.55
Multithreading Test	failed	18.7	failed	12.2	failed	15.5
All Tests	0.42	6.0	0.86	7.0	0.62	6.5

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in performing JPA database operations. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.62) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with PostgreSQL database server (6.5) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server is 10.5 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.42) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with PostgreSQL database server (6.3) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with PostgreSQL server is 15.0 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Other Head to Head DBMS/JPA Comparisons

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