Comparison of Hibernate with SQLite embedded vs DataNucleus with H2 embedded

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	0.083	19.2	1.0	8.0	0.55	13.6
Element Collection Test	0.067	6.6	0.69	2.8	0.38	4.7
Inheritance Test	0.080	15.6	0.99	4.4	0.54	10.0
Indexing Test	0.098	24.4	1.0	11.8	0.55	18.1
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.27	9.2	0.96	6.2	0.61	7.7
Multithreading Test	failed	34.9	failed	7.1	failed	21.0
All Tests	0.12	18.3	0.93	6.7	0.53	12.5

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 2 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with H2 embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in persisting JPA entity objects to the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.53) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with H2 embedded database (12.5) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with H2 embedded is 23.6 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.098) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with H2 embedded database (24.4) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with H2 embedded is 249 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	1.8	13.2	1.3	13.5	1.5	13.3
Element Collection Test	0.0008	6.4	failed	8.9	0.0008	7.7
Inheritance Test	2.4	12.2	1.4	12.7	1.9	12.4
Indexing Test	1.9	8.1	2.3	16.5	2.1	12.3
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.56	10.6	0.88	20.9	0.72	15.8
Multithreading Test	failed	13.3	failed	9.9	failed	11.6
All Tests	1.3	10.6	1.5	13.7	1.4	12.2

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with H2 embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in retrieving JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (1.4) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with H2 embedded database (12.2) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with H2 embedded is 8.7 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.0008) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with H2 embedded database (6.4) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with H2 embedded is 8,000 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	1.1	4.7	0.22	1.4	0.65	3.1
Element Collection Test	0.39	5.0	failed	2.4	0.39	3.7
Inheritance Test	0.53	3.8	0.28	1.6	0.40	2.7
Indexing Test	0.0011	0.0041	0.43	1.8	0.21	0.91
Multithreading Test	failed	1.2	failed	0.79	failed	1.0
All Tests	0.50	3.0	0.31	1.6	0.42	2.3

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with H2 embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in executing the tested JPA queries. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.42) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with H2 embedded database (2.3) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with H2 embedded is 5.5 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.39) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with H2 embedded database (5.0) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with H2 embedded is 12.8 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	0.076	10.0	0.65	3.9	0.37	6.9
Element Collection Test	0.0022	7.6	failed	3.9	0.0022	5.8
Inheritance Test	0.079	9.4	0.97	4.4	0.53	6.9
Indexing Test	0.057	10.6	0.54	5.9	0.30	8.2
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.26	5.9	0.42	3.7	0.34	4.8
Multithreading Test	failed	failed	failed	failed	failed	failed
All Tests	0.094	8.7	0.65	4.4	0.34	6.5

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions). DataNucleus with H2 embedded has failed in 2 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with H2 embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in updating JPA entity objects in the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.34) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with H2 embedded database (6.5) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with H2 embedded is 19.1 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.0022) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with H2 embedded database (7.6) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with H2 embedded is 3,455 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	0.061	4.2	0.91	1.3	0.49	2.8
Element Collection Test	0.0007	4.9	failed	1.6	0.0007	3.2
Inheritance Test	0.058	4.0	0.90	1.3	0.48	2.7
Indexing Test	0.079	7.5	0.54	1.9	0.31	4.7
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.24	5.6	0.80	4.1	0.52	4.8
Multithreading Test	failed	failed	failed	failed	failed	failed
All Tests	0.088	5.2	0.79	2.0	0.40	3.6

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions). DataNucleus with H2 embedded has failed in 2 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with H2 embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in deleting JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.40) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with H2 embedded database (3.6) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with H2 embedded is 9.0 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.0007) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with H2 embedded database (4.9) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with H2 embedded is 7,000 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Comparison of database storage efficiency (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	90.2	27.0	90.2	27.0	90.2	27.0
Element Collection Test	82.0	22.4	82.0	22.4	82.0	22.4
Inheritance Test	80.5	27.0	80.5	27.0	80.5	27.0
Indexing Test	93.4	31.6	94.8	32.1	94.1	31.9
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	67.9	20.0	50.9	15.0	59.4	17.5
Multithreading Test	failed	33.9	failed	9.2	failed	21.5
All Tests	82.8	27.0	79.7	22.1	81.2	24.6

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 2 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general Hibernate with SQLite embedded is much more efficient than DataNucleus with H2 embedded in using disk space. Comparing the normalized score of DataNucleus with H2 embedded database (24.6) to the normalized score of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (81.2) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with SQLite embedded is 3.3 times more efficient than DataNucleus with H2 embedded.

A large gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized score of DataNucleus with H2 embedded database (22.4) to the normalized score of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (82.0) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with SQLite embedded is 3.7 times more efficient than DataNucleus with H2 embedded.

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	0.63	10.3	0.81	5.6	0.72	7.9
Element Collection Test	0.092	6.1	0.69	3.9	0.19	5.0
Inheritance Test	0.63	9.0	0.91	4.9	0.77	6.9
Indexing Test	0.42	10.1	0.96	7.6	0.69	8.9
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.33	7.8	0.77	8.7	0.55	8.3
Multithreading Test	failed	16.5	failed	5.9	failed	11.2
All Tests	0.42	9.6	0.86	6.0	0.62	7.8

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with H2 embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in performing JPA database operations. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.62) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with H2 embedded database (7.8) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with H2 embedded is 12.6 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.092) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with H2 embedded database (6.1) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with H2 embedded is 66.3 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)