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JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)

Comparison of Hibernate with SQLite embedded vs Hibernate with H2 embedded

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	0.083	18.1	1.0	9.0	0.55	13.5
Element Collection Test	0.067	13.0	0.69	6.8	0.38	9.9
Inheritance Test	0.080	21.0	0.99	9.4	0.54	15.2
Indexing Test	0.098	29.9	1.0	18.4	0.55	24.1
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.27	17.2	0.96	20.1	0.61	18.7
Multithreading Test	failed	36.9	failed	11.5	failed	24.2
All Tests	0.12	22.6	0.93	12.5	0.53	17.6

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 2 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general Hibernate with H2 embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in persisting JPA entity objects to the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.53) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (17.6) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 33.2 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.098) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (29.9) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 305 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	1.8	16.6	1.3	13.3	1.5	15.0
Element Collection Test	0.0008	4.3	failed	4.0	0.0008	4.1
Inheritance Test	2.4	10.4	1.4	17.5	1.9	13.9
Indexing Test	1.9	10.8	2.3	15.2	2.1	13.0
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.56	2.5	0.88	4.0	0.72	3.3
Multithreading Test	failed	16.2	failed	15.7	failed	15.9
All Tests	1.3	10.1	1.5	11.6	1.4	10.9

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general Hibernate with H2 embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in retrieving JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (1.4) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (10.9) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 7.8 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.0008) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (4.3) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 5,375 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	1.1	4.5	0.22	1.2	0.65	2.8
Element Collection Test	0.39	4.4	failed	1.4	0.39	2.9
Inheritance Test	0.53	3.1	0.28	1.5	0.40	2.3
Indexing Test	0.0011	6.6	0.43	10.5	0.21	8.6
Multithreading Test	failed	1.2	failed	0.59	failed	0.89
All Tests	0.50	4.0	0.31	3.0	0.42	3.5

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general Hibernate with H2 embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in executing the tested JPA queries. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.42) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (3.5) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 8.3 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.0011) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (6.6) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 6,000 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	0.076	12.1	0.65	6.5	0.37	9.3
Element Collection Test	0.0022	7.4	failed	5.3	0.0022	6.3
Inheritance Test	0.079	10.8	0.97	8.5	0.53	9.6
Indexing Test	0.057	10.0	0.54	7.5	0.30	8.8
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.26	4.4	0.42	2.3	0.34	3.4
Multithreading Test	failed	16.2	failed	4.0	failed	10.1
All Tests	0.094	10.1	0.65	5.7	0.34	7.9

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general Hibernate with H2 embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in updating JPA entity objects in the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.34) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (7.9) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 23.2 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.0022) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (7.4) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 3,364 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	0.061	19.7	0.91	11.4	0.49	15.5
Element Collection Test	0.0007	6.9	failed	4.5	0.0007	5.7
Inheritance Test	0.058	15.6	0.90	12.9	0.48	14.2
Indexing Test	0.079	23.2	0.54	12.4	0.31	17.8
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.24	4.0	0.80	4.2	0.52	4.1
Multithreading Test	failed	27.4	failed	22.7	failed	25.0
All Tests	0.088	16.1	0.79	11.4	0.40	13.7

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general Hibernate with H2 embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in deleting JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.40) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (13.7) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 34.2 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.0007) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (6.9) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 9,857 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Comparison of database storage efficiency (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	90.2	27.0	90.2	27.0	90.2	27.0
Element Collection Test	82.0	30.6	82.0	30.6	82.0	30.6
Inheritance Test	80.5	27.0	80.5	27.0	80.5	27.0
Indexing Test	93.4	31.6	94.8	32.1	94.1	31.9
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	67.9	28.5	50.9	21.4	59.4	25.0
Multithreading Test	failed	33.9	failed	9.2	failed	21.5
All Tests	82.8	29.8	79.7	24.6	81.2	27.2

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 2 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general Hibernate with SQLite embedded is more efficient than Hibernate with H2 embedded in using disk space. Comparing the normalized score of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (27.2) to the normalized score of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (81.2) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with SQLite embedded is 3.0 times more efficient than Hibernate with H2 embedded.

A large gap has been detected when using simple basic entities with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized score of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (27.0) to the normalized score of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (90.2) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with SQLite embedded is 3.3 times more efficient than Hibernate with H2 embedded.

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	0.63	14.2	0.81	8.3	0.72	11.2
Element Collection Test	0.092	7.2	0.69	4.4	0.19	5.8
Inheritance Test	0.63	12.2	0.91	9.9	0.77	11.0
Indexing Test	0.42	16.1	0.96	12.8	0.69	14.5
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.33	7.0	0.77	7.7	0.55	7.3
Multithreading Test	failed	19.6	failed	10.9	failed	15.2
All Tests	0.42	12.9	0.86	9.0	0.62	11.0

The results above show that in general Hibernate with H2 embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in performing JPA database operations. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.62) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (11.0) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 17.7 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.092) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (7.2) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 78.3 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Other Head to Head DBMS/JPA Comparisons

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The benchmark program is released as open source under the GPL license.