Comparison of OpenJPA with H2 server vs Hibernate with PostgreSQL server

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server
Basic Person Test	3.7	7.1	2.2	3.4	2.9	5.2
Element Collection Test	2.6	2.9	1.5	1.7	2.1	2.3
Inheritance Test	4.5	7.0	2.0	3.6	3.2	5.3
Indexing Test	7.3	9.3	3.6	6.1	5.4	7.7
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	1.1	3.0	0.84	2.9	0.97	2.9
Multithreading Test	7.7	31.7	4.2	13.9	5.9	22.8
All Tests	4.5	10.2	2.4	5.3	3.4	7.7

The results above show that in general Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is more efficient than OpenJPA with H2 server in persisting JPA entity objects to the database. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (3.4) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (7.7) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 2.3 times faster than OpenJPA with H2 server.

A large performance gap has been detected when using multithreading with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (7.7) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (31.7) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 4.1 times faster than OpenJPA with H2 server.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server
Basic Person Test	2.9	5.5	7.6	11.5	5.2	8.5
Element Collection Test	0.0022	0.025	1.9	0.017	0.93	0.021
Inheritance Test	0.013	5.2	4.0	14.0	2.0	9.6
Indexing Test	4.1	4.6	8.8	13.3	6.5	8.9
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.38	0.61	0.49	0.78	0.44	0.70
Multithreading Test	5.9	11.3	14.0	17.0	10.0	14.2
All Tests	2.2	4.5	6.1	9.4	4.2	7.0

The results above show that in general Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is more efficient than OpenJPA with H2 server in retrieving JPA entity objects from the database.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using class inheritance in the object model with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (0.013) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (5.2) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 400 times faster than OpenJPA with H2 server.

On the other hand, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is slower, for instance, when using JPA element collections with large retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (0.017) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (1.9) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 112 times slower than OpenJPA with H2 server.

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server
Basic Person Test	3.7	55.5	1.0	6.1	2.4	30.8
Element Collection Test	2.0	11.0	1.2	0.016	1.6	5.5
Inheritance Test	2.8	52.3	1.1	8.7	2.0	30.5
Indexing Test	3.8	0.050	7.5	8.8	5.7	4.4
Multithreading Test	0.98	55.2	1.0	9.2	1.0	32.2
All Tests	2.7	34.8	2.4	6.6	2.5	20.7

The results above show that in general Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is much more efficient than OpenJPA with H2 server in executing the tested JPA queries. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (2.5) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (20.7) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 8.3 times faster than OpenJPA with H2 server.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using multithreading with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (0.98) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (55.2) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 56.3 times faster than OpenJPA with H2 server.

On the other hand, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is slower, for instance, when using database indexes with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (0.050) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (3.8) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 76.0 times slower than OpenJPA with H2 server.

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server
Basic Person Test	3.0	5.3	2.0	2.7	2.5	4.0
Element Collection Test	0.0078	0.067	1.9	0.026	0.94	0.046
Inheritance Test	0.034	5.4	2.8	3.8	1.4	4.6
Indexing Test	2.8	5.4	3.2	4.3	3.0	4.8
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.79	1.1	0.43	0.58	0.61	0.82
Multithreading Test	7.0	29.6	2.5	6.3	4.8	18.0
All Tests	2.3	7.8	2.1	2.9	2.2	5.4

The results above show that in general Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is more efficient than OpenJPA with H2 server in updating JPA entity objects in the database. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (2.2) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (5.4) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 2.5 times faster than OpenJPA with H2 server.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using class inheritance in the object model with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (0.034) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (5.4) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 159 times faster than OpenJPA with H2 server.

On the other hand, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is slower, for instance, when using JPA element collections with large transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (0.026) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (1.9) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 73.1 times slower than OpenJPA with H2 server.

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server
Basic Person Test	3.2	5.3	2.2	4.2	2.7	4.8
Element Collection Test	0.0060	0.020	0.88	stopped	0.44	0.0098
Inheritance Test	0.030	5.1	3.1	4.2	1.6	4.6
Indexing Test	6.5	9.5	3.6	6.3	5.1	7.9
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.73	0.012	0.75	0.012	0.74	0.012
Multithreading Test	7.6	23.3	5.2	21.8	6.4	22.5
All Tests	3.0	7.2	2.6	6.1	2.8	6.6

The results above show that in general Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is more efficient than OpenJPA with H2 server in deleting JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (2.8) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (6.6) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 2.4 times faster than OpenJPA with H2 server.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using class inheritance in the object model with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (0.030) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (5.1) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 170 times faster than OpenJPA with H2 server.

On the other hand, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is slower, for instance, when using graphs of objects with large transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (0.012) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (0.75) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 62.5 times slower than OpenJPA with H2 server.

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 server	Hibernate PostgreSQL server
Basic Person Test	3.3	15.7	3.0	5.6	3.1	10.7
Element Collection Test	0.93	2.8	1.5	0.35	1.2	1.6
Inheritance Test	1.5	15.0	2.6	6.9	2.0	10.9
Indexing Test	4.9	5.8	5.4	7.8	5.1	6.8
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.75	1.2	0.63	1.1	0.69	1.1
Multithreading Test	5.9	30.2	5.4	13.6	5.6	21.9
All Tests	2.9	12.1	3.2	6.0	3.0	9.1

The results above show that in general Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is much more efficient than OpenJPA with H2 server in performing JPA database operations. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (3.0) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (9.1) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 3.0 times faster than OpenJPA with H2 server.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using class inheritance in the object model with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (1.5) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (15.0) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 10.0 times faster than OpenJPA with H2 server.

On the other hand, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is slower, for instance, when using JPA element collections with large transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (0.35) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (1.5) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 4.3 times slower than OpenJPA with H2 server.

JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)