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JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)

Comparison of OpenJPA with H2 server vs EclipseLink with SQLite embedded

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	3.7	0.074	2.2	0.90	2.9	0.49
Element Collection Test	2.6	0.061	1.5	0.65	2.1	0.36
Inheritance Test	4.5	0.083	2.0	0.82	3.2	0.45
Indexing Test	7.3	0.11	3.6	1.6	5.4	0.87
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	1.1	0.24	0.84	0.91	0.97	0.57
Multithreading Test	7.7	0.10	4.2	2.1	5.9	1.1
All Tests	4.5	0.11	2.4	1.2	3.4	0.64

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with H2 server is much more efficient than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded in persisting JPA entity objects to the database. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.64) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (3.4) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with H2 server is 5.3 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using multithreading with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.10) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (7.7) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 server is 77.0 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	2.9	failed	7.6	failed	5.2	failed
Element Collection Test	0.0022	0.0007	1.9	failed	0.93	0.0007
Inheritance Test	0.013	failed	4.0	failed	2.0	failed
Indexing Test	4.1	failed	8.8	failed	6.5	failed
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.38	failed	0.49	failed	0.44	failed
Multithreading Test	5.9	failed	14.0	failed	10.0	failed
All Tests	2.2	0.0007	6.1	failed	4.2	0.0007

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	3.7	1.2	1.0	failed	2.4	1.2
Element Collection Test	2.0	0.29	1.2	failed	1.6	0.29
Inheritance Test	2.8	0.69	1.1	failed	2.0	0.69
Indexing Test	3.8	0.0008	7.5	failed	5.7	0.0008
Multithreading Test	0.98	failed	1.0	failed	1.0	failed
All Tests	2.7	0.55	2.4	failed	2.5	0.55

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 6 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	3.0	failed	2.0	failed	2.5	failed
Element Collection Test	0.0078	0.0016	1.9	failed	0.94	0.0016
Inheritance Test	0.034	failed	2.8	failed	1.4	failed
Indexing Test	2.8	failed	3.2	failed	3.0	failed
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.79	failed	0.43	failed	0.61	failed
Multithreading Test	7.0	failed	2.5	failed	4.8	failed
All Tests	2.3	0.0016	2.1	failed	2.2	0.0016

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	3.2	failed	2.2	failed	2.7	failed
Element Collection Test	0.0060	0.0006	0.88	failed	0.44	0.0006
Inheritance Test	0.030	failed	3.1	failed	1.6	failed
Indexing Test	6.5	failed	3.6	failed	5.1	failed
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.73	failed	0.75	failed	0.74	failed
Multithreading Test	7.6	failed	5.2	failed	6.4	failed
All Tests	3.0	0.0006	2.6	failed	2.8	0.0006

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions).

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 server	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	3.3	0.66	3.0	0.90	3.1	0.74
Element Collection Test	0.93	0.070	1.5	0.65	1.2	0.17
Inheritance Test	1.5	0.38	2.6	0.82	2.0	0.53
Indexing Test	4.9	0.058	5.4	1.6	5.1	0.58
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.75	0.24	0.63	0.91	0.69	0.57
Multithreading Test	5.9	0.10	5.4	2.1	5.6	1.1
All Tests	2.9	0.22	3.2	1.2	3.0	0.52

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with H2 server is much more efficient than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded in performing JPA database operations. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.52) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (3.0) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with H2 server is 5.8 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.058) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 database server (4.9) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 server is 84.5 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

Other Head to Head DBMS/JPA Comparisons

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The benchmark program is released as open source under the GPL license.