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JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)

Comparison of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded vs OpenJPA with H2 embedded

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	0.074	17.1	0.90	5.8	0.49	11.5
Element Collection Test	0.061	10.9	0.65	4.9	0.36	7.9
Inheritance Test	0.083	14.3	0.82	5.9	0.45	10.1
Indexing Test	0.11	24.4	1.6	13.7	0.87	19.1
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.24	6.8	0.91	6.7	0.57	6.7
Multithreading Test	0.10	34.2	2.1	10.2	1.1	22.2
All Tests	0.11	17.9	1.2	7.9	0.64	12.9

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with H2 embedded is much more efficient than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded in persisting JPA entity objects to the database. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.64) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (12.9) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 20.2 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using multithreading with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.10) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (34.2) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 342 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	failed	14.6	failed	27.2	failed	20.9
Element Collection Test	0.0007	0.0046	failed	4.3	0.0007	2.1
Inheritance Test	failed	0.011	failed	7.4	failed	3.7
Indexing Test	failed	17.0	failed	35.0	failed	26.0
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	failed	1.0	failed	1.4	failed	1.2
Multithreading Test	failed	18.7	failed	27.6	failed	23.1
All Tests	0.0007	8.6	failed	17.1	0.0007	12.8

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	1.2	5.0	failed	1.1	1.2	3.1
Element Collection Test	0.29	1.7	failed	1.3	0.29	1.5
Inheritance Test	0.69	2.2	failed	1.2	0.69	1.7
Indexing Test	0.0008	13.8	failed	23.2	0.0008	18.5
Multithreading Test	failed	1.4	failed	0.60	failed	0.99
All Tests	0.55	4.8	failed	5.5	0.55	5.1

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 6 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	failed	10.0	failed	6.0	failed	8.0
Element Collection Test	0.0016	0.011	failed	3.8	0.0016	1.9
Inheritance Test	failed	0.046	failed	5.0	failed	2.5
Indexing Test	failed	8.9	failed	7.0	failed	8.0
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	failed	2.4	failed	1.3	failed	1.9
Multithreading Test	failed	16.6	failed	4.3	failed	10.4
All Tests	0.0016	6.3	failed	4.6	0.0016	5.4

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	failed	18.3	failed	11.1	failed	14.7
Element Collection Test	0.0006	0.012	failed	2.9	0.0006	1.4
Inheritance Test	failed	0.030	failed	6.6	failed	3.3
Indexing Test	failed	23.2	failed	9.7	failed	16.4
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	failed	1.8	failed	2.4	failed	2.1
Multithreading Test	failed	31.2	failed	17.3	failed	24.2
All Tests	0.0006	12.4	failed	8.3	0.0006	10.4

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions).

Comparison of database storage efficiency (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	79.4	27.0	79.4	27.0	79.4	27.0
Element Collection Test	74.5	30.6	74.5	30.6	74.5	30.6
Inheritance Test	75.0	27.0	75.0	27.0	75.0	27.0
Indexing Test	92.9	31.6	94.5	32.1	93.7	31.9
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	60.6	28.5	48.4	21.4	54.5	24.9
Multithreading Test	100	33.9	100	9.2	100	21.5
All Tests	80.4	29.8	78.6	24.5	79.5	27.2

The results above show that in general EclipseLink with SQLite embedded is more efficient than OpenJPA with H2 embedded in using disk space. Comparing the normalized score of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (27.2) to the normalized score of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (79.5) reveals that in these tests, EclipseLink with SQLite embedded is 2.9 times more efficient than OpenJPA with H2 embedded.

A huge gap has been detected when using multithreading with large transaction size. Comparing the normalized score of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (9.2) to the normalized score of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (100) reveals that in that case, EclipseLink with SQLite embedded is 10.9 times more efficient than OpenJPA with H2 embedded.

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	0.66	13.0	0.90	10.2	0.74	11.6
Element Collection Test	0.070	2.5	0.65	3.4	0.17	3.0
Inheritance Test	0.38	3.3	0.82	5.2	0.53	4.3
Indexing Test	0.058	17.5	1.6	17.7	0.58	17.6
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.24	3.0	0.91	3.0	0.57	3.0
Multithreading Test	0.10	20.4	2.1	12.0	1.1	16.2
All Tests	0.22	10.2	1.2	8.8	0.52	9.5

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with H2 embedded is much more efficient than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded in performing JPA database operations. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.52) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (9.5) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 18.3 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.058) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (17.5) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 302 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

Other Head to Head DBMS/JPA Comparisons

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The benchmark program is released as open source under the GPL license.