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JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)

Comparison of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded vs Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	0.074	32.6	0.90	13.1	0.49	22.9
Element Collection Test	0.061	15.1	0.65	8.2	0.36	11.7
Inheritance Test	0.083	25.5	0.82	13.6	0.45	19.5
Indexing Test	0.11	29.6	1.6	18.8	0.87	24.2
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.24	13.8	0.91	15.6	0.57	14.7
Multithreading Test	0.10	37.4	2.1	13.0	1.1	25.2
All Tests	0.11	25.6	1.2	13.7	0.64	19.7

The results above show that in general Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded in persisting JPA entity objects to the database. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.64) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded database (19.7) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded is 30.8 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using simple basic entities with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.074) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded database (32.6) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded is 441 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	failed	24.8	failed	16.4	failed	20.6
Element Collection Test	0.0007	11.3	failed	10.8	0.0007	11.0
Inheritance Test	failed	21.7	failed	21.0	failed	21.3
Indexing Test	failed	11.9	failed	21.5	failed	16.7
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	failed	3.6	failed	4.7	failed	4.1
Multithreading Test	failed	19.8	failed	21.5	failed	20.6
All Tests	0.0007	15.5	failed	16.0	0.0007	15.7

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	1.2	3.6	failed	0.88	1.2	2.2
Element Collection Test	0.29	3.4	failed	1.7	0.29	2.6
Inheritance Test	0.69	2.9	failed	1.0	0.69	1.9
Indexing Test	0.0008	9.9	failed	21.7	0.0008	15.8
Multithreading Test	failed	1.1	failed	0.58	failed	0.82
All Tests	0.55	4.2	failed	5.2	0.55	4.7

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 6 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	failed	14.2	failed	5.0	failed	9.6
Element Collection Test	0.0016	10.1	failed	5.6	0.0016	7.8
Inheritance Test	failed	13.4	failed	7.5	failed	10.5
Indexing Test	failed	10.7	failed	6.1	failed	8.4
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	failed	3.7	failed	2.5	failed	3.1
Multithreading Test	failed	23.9	failed	3.8	failed	13.9
All Tests	0.0016	12.7	failed	5.1	0.0016	8.9

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	failed	26.1	failed	17.5	failed	21.8
Element Collection Test	0.0006	9.1	failed	5.2	0.0006	7.1
Inheritance Test	failed	21.4	failed	17.7	failed	19.6
Indexing Test	failed	33.0	failed	16.3	failed	24.7
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	failed	5.4	failed	8.2	failed	6.8
Multithreading Test	failed	38.5	failed	28.6	failed	33.5
All Tests	0.0006	22.3	failed	15.6	0.0006	18.9

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions).

Comparison of database storage efficiency (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	79.4	41.4	79.4	41.4	79.4	41.4
Element Collection Test	74.5	46.9	74.5	46.9	74.5	46.9
Inheritance Test	75.0	41.4	75.0	41.4	75.0	41.4
Indexing Test	92.9	48.4	94.5	49.2	93.7	48.8
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	60.6	28.5	48.4	21.4	54.5	25.0
Multithreading Test	100	51.9	100	10.3	100	31.1
All Tests	80.4	43.1	78.6	35.1	79.5	39.1

The results above show that in general EclipseLink with SQLite embedded is more efficient than Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded in using disk space. Comparing the normalized score of Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded database (39.1) to the normalized score of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (79.5) reveals that in these tests, EclipseLink with SQLite embedded is 2.0 times more efficient than Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded.

A large gap has been detected when using multithreading with large transaction size. Comparing the normalized score of Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded database (10.3) to the normalized score of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (100) reveals that in that case, EclipseLink with SQLite embedded is 9.7 times more efficient than Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded.

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	0.66	20.2	0.90	10.6	0.74	15.4
Element Collection Test	0.070	9.8	0.65	6.3	0.17	8.0
Inheritance Test	0.38	17.0	0.82	12.2	0.53	14.6
Indexing Test	0.058	19.0	1.6	16.9	0.58	18.0
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.24	6.6	0.91	7.8	0.57	7.2
Multithreading Test	0.10	24.1	2.1	13.5	1.1	18.8
All Tests	0.22	16.5	1.2	11.3	0.52	13.9

The results above show that in general Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded in performing JPA database operations. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.52) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded database (13.9) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded is 26.7 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.058) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded database (19.0) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded is 328 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

Other Head to Head DBMS/JPA Comparisons

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The benchmark program is released as open source under the GPL license.