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JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)

Comparison of Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded vs EclipseLink with SQLite embedded

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	32.6	0.074	13.1	0.90	22.9	0.49
Element Collection Test	15.1	0.061	8.2	0.65	11.7	0.36
Inheritance Test	25.5	0.083	13.6	0.82	19.5	0.45
Indexing Test	29.6	0.11	18.8	1.6	24.2	0.87
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	13.8	0.24	15.6	0.91	14.7	0.57
Multithreading Test	37.4	0.10	13.0	2.1	25.2	1.1
All Tests	25.6	0.11	13.7	1.2	19.7	0.64

The results above show that in general Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded in persisting JPA entity objects to the database. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.64) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded database (19.7) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded is 30.8 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using simple basic entities with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.074) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded database (32.6) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded is 441 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	24.8	failed	16.4	failed	20.6	failed
Element Collection Test	11.3	0.0007	10.8	failed	11.0	0.0007
Inheritance Test	21.7	failed	21.0	failed	21.3	failed
Indexing Test	11.9	failed	21.5	failed	16.7	failed
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	3.6	failed	4.7	failed	4.1	failed
Multithreading Test	19.8	failed	21.5	failed	20.6	failed
All Tests	15.5	0.0007	16.0	failed	15.7	0.0007

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	3.6	1.2	0.88	failed	2.2	1.2
Element Collection Test	3.4	0.29	1.7	failed	2.6	0.29
Inheritance Test	2.9	0.69	1.0	failed	1.9	0.69
Indexing Test	9.9	0.0008	21.7	failed	15.8	0.0008
Multithreading Test	1.1	failed	0.58	failed	0.82	failed
All Tests	4.2	0.55	5.2	failed	4.7	0.55

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 6 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	14.2	failed	5.0	failed	9.6	failed
Element Collection Test	10.1	0.0016	5.6	failed	7.8	0.0016
Inheritance Test	13.4	failed	7.5	failed	10.5	failed
Indexing Test	10.7	failed	6.1	failed	8.4	failed
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	3.7	failed	2.5	failed	3.1	failed
Multithreading Test	23.9	failed	3.8	failed	13.9	failed
All Tests	12.7	0.0016	5.1	failed	8.9	0.0016

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	26.1	failed	17.5	failed	21.8	failed
Element Collection Test	9.1	0.0006	5.2	failed	7.1	0.0006
Inheritance Test	21.4	failed	17.7	failed	19.6	failed
Indexing Test	33.0	failed	16.3	failed	24.7	failed
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	5.4	failed	8.2	failed	6.8	failed
Multithreading Test	38.5	failed	28.6	failed	33.5	failed
All Tests	22.3	0.0006	15.6	failed	18.9	0.0006

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions).

Comparison of database storage efficiency (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	41.4	79.4	41.4	79.4	41.4	79.4
Element Collection Test	46.9	74.5	46.9	74.5	46.9	74.5
Inheritance Test	41.4	75.0	41.4	75.0	41.4	75.0
Indexing Test	48.4	92.9	49.2	94.5	48.8	93.7
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	28.5	60.6	21.4	48.4	25.0	54.5
Multithreading Test	51.9	100	10.3	100	31.1	100
All Tests	43.1	80.4	35.1	78.6	39.1	79.5

The results above show that in general EclipseLink with SQLite embedded is more efficient than Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded in using disk space. Comparing the normalized score of Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded database (39.1) to the normalized score of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (79.5) reveals that in these tests, EclipseLink with SQLite embedded is 2.0 times more efficient than Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded.

A large gap has been detected when using multithreading with large transaction size. Comparing the normalized score of Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded database (10.3) to the normalized score of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (100) reveals that in that case, EclipseLink with SQLite embedded is 9.7 times more efficient than Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded.

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	Hibernate HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	20.2	0.66	10.6	0.90	15.4	0.74
Element Collection Test	9.8	0.070	6.3	0.65	8.0	0.17
Inheritance Test	17.0	0.38	12.2	0.82	14.6	0.53
Indexing Test	19.0	0.058	16.9	1.6	18.0	0.58
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	6.6	0.24	7.8	0.91	7.2	0.57
Multithreading Test	24.1	0.10	13.5	2.1	18.8	1.1
All Tests	16.5	0.22	11.3	1.2	13.9	0.52

The results above show that in general Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded in performing JPA database operations. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.52) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded database (13.9) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded is 26.7 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.058) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded database (19.0) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with HSQLDB embedded is 328 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

Other Head to Head DBMS/JPA Comparisons

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The benchmark program is released as open source under the GPL license.