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JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)

Comparison of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded vs DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	0.074	14.2	0.90	4.8	0.49	9.5
Element Collection Test	0.061	6.6	0.65	2.1	0.36	4.3
Inheritance Test	0.083	13.6	0.82	4.6	0.45	9.1
Indexing Test	0.11	24.6	1.6	11.1	0.87	17.8
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.24	6.8	0.91	4.5	0.57	5.7
Multithreading Test	0.10	38.5	2.1	8.5	1.1	23.5
All Tests	0.11	17.4	1.2	5.9	0.64	11.7

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded in persisting JPA entity objects to the database. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.64) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (11.7) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is 18.3 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using multithreading with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.10) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (38.5) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is 385 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	failed	6.6	failed	10.2	failed	8.4
Element Collection Test	0.0007	3.6	failed	8.1	0.0007	5.8
Inheritance Test	failed	5.7	failed	8.8	failed	7.2
Indexing Test	failed	5.1	failed	9.5	failed	7.3
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	failed	7.2	failed	9.3	failed	8.3
Multithreading Test	failed	8.1	failed	9.5	failed	8.8
All Tests	0.0007	6.0	failed	9.2	0.0007	7.6

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	1.2	1.4	failed	0.48	1.2	0.95
Element Collection Test	0.29	1.3	failed	0.67	0.29	1.0
Inheritance Test	0.69	1.6	failed	0.61	0.69	1.1
Indexing Test	0.0008	0.0016	failed	0.63	0.0008	0.32
Multithreading Test	failed	0.40	failed	failed	failed	0.40
All Tests	0.55	0.96	failed	0.60	0.55	0.80

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 6 tests (see exceptions). DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded has failed in 1 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	failed	11.5	failed	2.7	failed	7.1
Element Collection Test	0.0016	6.9	failed	2.7	0.0016	4.8
Inheritance Test	failed	10.3	failed	3.6	failed	6.9
Indexing Test	failed	11.4	failed	4.4	failed	7.9
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	failed	3.5	failed	1.5	failed	2.5
Multithreading Test	failed	failed	failed	failed	failed	failed
All Tests	0.0016	8.7	failed	3.0	0.0016	5.8

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions). DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded has failed in 2 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	failed	4.2	failed	1.3	failed	2.8
Element Collection Test	0.0006	4.9	failed	1.6	0.0006	3.2
Inheritance Test	failed	4.0	failed	1.3	failed	2.7
Indexing Test	failed	7.5	failed	1.9	failed	4.7
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	failed	2.9	failed	2.0	failed	2.5
Multithreading Test	failed	40.1	failed	13.7	failed	26.9
All Tests	0.0006	10.6	failed	3.7	0.0006	7.1

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions).

Comparison of database storage efficiency (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	79.4	41.4	79.4	41.4	79.4	41.4
Element Collection Test	74.5	23.4	74.5	23.4	74.5	23.4
Inheritance Test	75.0	41.4	75.0	41.4	75.0	41.4
Indexing Test	92.9	48.4	94.5	49.2	93.7	48.8
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	60.6	12.5	48.4	9.4	54.5	10.9
Multithreading Test	100	51.9	100	10.3	100	31.1
All Tests	80.4	36.5	78.6	29.2	79.5	32.9

The results above show that in general EclipseLink with SQLite embedded is more efficient than DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded in using disk space. Comparing the normalized score of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (32.9) to the normalized score of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (79.5) reveals that in these tests, EclipseLink with SQLite embedded is 2.4 times more efficient than DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded.

A large gap has been detected when using multithreading with large transaction size. Comparing the normalized score of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (10.3) to the normalized score of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (100) reveals that in that case, EclipseLink with SQLite embedded is 9.7 times more efficient than DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded.

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded
Basic Person Test	0.66	7.6	0.90	3.9	0.74	5.7
Element Collection Test	0.070	4.7	0.65	3.0	0.17	3.8
Inheritance Test	0.38	7.1	0.82	3.8	0.53	5.4
Indexing Test	0.058	9.7	1.6	5.5	0.58	7.6
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.24	5.1	0.91	4.3	0.57	4.7
Multithreading Test	0.10	21.8	2.1	10.6	1.1	17.0
All Tests	0.22	9.0	1.2	4.8	0.52	7.0

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded in performing JPA database operations. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.52) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (7.0) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is 13.5 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using multithreading with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.10) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (21.8) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is 218 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

Other Head to Head DBMS/JPA Comparisons

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The benchmark program is released as open source under the GPL license.