Comparison of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded vs Hibernate with SQLite embedded

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	14.2	0.083	4.8	1.0	9.5	0.55
Element Collection Test	6.6	0.067	2.1	0.69	4.3	0.38
Inheritance Test	13.6	0.080	4.6	0.99	9.1	0.54
Indexing Test	24.6	0.098	11.1	1.0	17.8	0.55
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	6.8	0.27	4.5	0.96	5.7	0.61
Multithreading Test	38.5	failed	8.5	failed	23.5	failed
All Tests	17.4	0.12	5.9	0.93	11.7	0.53

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 2 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in persisting JPA entity objects to the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.53) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (11.7) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is 22.1 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.098) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (24.6) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is 251 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	6.6	1.8	10.2	1.3	8.4	1.5
Element Collection Test	3.6	0.0008	8.1	failed	5.8	0.0008
Inheritance Test	5.7	2.4	8.8	1.4	7.2	1.9
Indexing Test	5.1	1.9	9.5	2.3	7.3	2.1
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	7.2	0.56	9.3	0.88	8.3	0.72
Multithreading Test	8.1	failed	9.5	failed	8.8	failed
All Tests	6.0	1.3	9.2	1.5	7.6	1.4

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in retrieving JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (1.4) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (7.6) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is 5.4 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.0008) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (3.6) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is 4,500 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	1.4	1.1	0.48	0.22	0.95	0.65
Element Collection Test	1.3	0.39	0.67	failed	1.0	0.39
Inheritance Test	1.6	0.53	0.61	0.28	1.1	0.40
Indexing Test	0.0016	0.0011	0.63	0.43	0.32	0.21
Multithreading Test	0.40	failed	failed	failed	0.40	failed
All Tests	0.96	0.50	0.60	0.31	0.80	0.42

DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded has failed in 1 tests (see exceptions). Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in executing the tested JPA queries.

A large performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.39) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (1.3) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is 3.3 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	11.5	0.076	2.7	0.65	7.1	0.37
Element Collection Test	6.9	0.0022	2.7	failed	4.8	0.0022
Inheritance Test	10.3	0.079	3.6	0.97	6.9	0.53
Indexing Test	11.4	0.057	4.4	0.54	7.9	0.30
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	3.5	0.26	1.5	0.42	2.5	0.34
Multithreading Test	failed	failed	failed	failed	failed	failed
All Tests	8.7	0.094	3.0	0.65	5.8	0.34

DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded has failed in 2 tests (see exceptions). Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in updating JPA entity objects in the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.34) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (5.8) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is 17.1 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.0022) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (6.9) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is 3,136 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	4.2	0.061	1.3	0.91	2.8	0.49
Element Collection Test	4.9	0.0007	1.6	failed	3.2	0.0007
Inheritance Test	4.0	0.058	1.3	0.90	2.7	0.48
Indexing Test	7.5	0.079	1.9	0.54	4.7	0.31
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	2.9	0.24	2.0	0.80	2.5	0.52
Multithreading Test	40.1	failed	13.7	failed	26.9	failed
All Tests	10.6	0.088	3.7	0.79	7.1	0.40

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in deleting JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.40) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (7.1) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is 17.7 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.0007) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (4.9) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is 7,000 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Comparison of database storage efficiency (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	41.4	90.2	41.4	90.2	41.4	90.2
Element Collection Test	23.4	82.0	23.4	82.0	23.4	82.0
Inheritance Test	41.4	80.5	41.4	80.5	41.4	80.5
Indexing Test	48.4	93.4	49.2	94.8	48.8	94.1
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	12.5	67.9	9.4	50.9	10.9	59.4
Multithreading Test	51.9	failed	10.3	failed	31.1	failed
All Tests	36.5	82.8	29.2	79.7	32.9	81.2

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 2 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general Hibernate with SQLite embedded is more efficient than DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded in using disk space. Comparing the normalized score of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (32.9) to the normalized score of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (81.2) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with SQLite embedded is 2.5 times more efficient than DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded.

A large gap has been detected when using graphs of objects with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized score of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (12.5) to the normalized score of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (67.9) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with SQLite embedded is 5.4 times more efficient than DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded.

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus HSQLDB embedded	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	7.6	0.63	3.9	0.81	5.7	0.72
Element Collection Test	4.7	0.092	3.0	0.69	3.8	0.19
Inheritance Test	7.1	0.63	3.8	0.91	5.4	0.77
Indexing Test	9.7	0.42	5.5	0.96	7.6	0.69
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	5.1	0.33	4.3	0.77	4.7	0.55
Multithreading Test	21.8	failed	10.6	failed	17.0	failed
All Tests	9.0	0.42	4.8	0.86	7.0	0.62

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in performing JPA database operations. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.62) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (7.0) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is 11.3 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.092) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded database (4.7) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with HSQLDB embedded is 51.1 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)