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JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)

Comparison of OpenJPA with H2 embedded vs EclipseLink with SQLite embedded

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	17.1	0.074	5.8	0.90	11.5	0.49
Element Collection Test	10.9	0.061	4.9	0.65	7.9	0.36
Inheritance Test	14.3	0.083	5.9	0.82	10.1	0.45
Indexing Test	24.4	0.11	13.7	1.6	19.1	0.87
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	6.8	0.24	6.7	0.91	6.7	0.57
Multithreading Test	34.2	0.10	10.2	2.1	22.2	1.1
All Tests	17.9	0.11	7.9	1.2	12.9	0.64

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with H2 embedded is much more efficient than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded in persisting JPA entity objects to the database. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.64) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (12.9) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 20.2 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using multithreading with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.10) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (34.2) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 342 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	14.6	failed	27.2	failed	20.9	failed
Element Collection Test	0.0046	0.0007	4.3	failed	2.1	0.0007
Inheritance Test	0.011	failed	7.4	failed	3.7	failed
Indexing Test	17.0	failed	35.0	failed	26.0	failed
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	1.0	failed	1.4	failed	1.2	failed
Multithreading Test	18.7	failed	27.6	failed	23.1	failed
All Tests	8.6	0.0007	17.1	failed	12.8	0.0007

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	5.0	1.2	1.1	failed	3.1	1.2
Element Collection Test	1.7	0.29	1.3	failed	1.5	0.29
Inheritance Test	2.2	0.69	1.2	failed	1.7	0.69
Indexing Test	13.8	0.0008	23.2	failed	18.5	0.0008
Multithreading Test	1.4	failed	0.60	failed	0.99	failed
All Tests	4.8	0.55	5.5	failed	5.1	0.55

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 6 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	10.0	failed	6.0	failed	8.0	failed
Element Collection Test	0.011	0.0016	3.8	failed	1.9	0.0016
Inheritance Test	0.046	failed	5.0	failed	2.5	failed
Indexing Test	8.9	failed	7.0	failed	8.0	failed
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	2.4	failed	1.3	failed	1.9	failed
Multithreading Test	16.6	failed	4.3	failed	10.4	failed
All Tests	6.3	0.0016	4.6	failed	5.4	0.0016

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	18.3	failed	11.1	failed	14.7	failed
Element Collection Test	0.012	0.0006	2.9	failed	1.4	0.0006
Inheritance Test	0.030	failed	6.6	failed	3.3	failed
Indexing Test	23.2	failed	9.7	failed	16.4	failed
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	1.8	failed	2.4	failed	2.1	failed
Multithreading Test	31.2	failed	17.3	failed	24.2	failed
All Tests	12.4	0.0006	8.3	failed	10.4	0.0006

EclipseLink with SQLite embedded has failed in 11 tests (see exceptions).

Comparison of database storage efficiency (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	27.0	79.4	27.0	79.4	27.0	79.4
Element Collection Test	30.6	74.5	30.6	74.5	30.6	74.5
Inheritance Test	27.0	75.0	27.0	75.0	27.0	75.0
Indexing Test	31.6	92.9	32.1	94.5	31.9	93.7
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	28.5	60.6	21.4	48.4	24.9	54.5
Multithreading Test	33.9	100	9.2	100	21.5	100
All Tests	29.8	80.4	24.5	78.6	27.2	79.5

The results above show that in general EclipseLink with SQLite embedded is more efficient than OpenJPA with H2 embedded in using disk space. Comparing the normalized score of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (27.2) to the normalized score of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (79.5) reveals that in these tests, EclipseLink with SQLite embedded is 2.9 times more efficient than OpenJPA with H2 embedded.

A huge gap has been detected when using multithreading with large transaction size. Comparing the normalized score of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (9.2) to the normalized score of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (100) reveals that in that case, EclipseLink with SQLite embedded is 10.9 times more efficient than OpenJPA with H2 embedded.

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	EclipseLink SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	13.0	0.66	10.2	0.90	11.6	0.74
Element Collection Test	2.5	0.070	3.4	0.65	3.0	0.17
Inheritance Test	3.3	0.38	5.2	0.82	4.3	0.53
Indexing Test	17.5	0.058	17.7	1.6	17.6	0.58
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	3.0	0.24	3.0	0.91	3.0	0.57
Multithreading Test	20.4	0.10	12.0	2.1	16.2	1.1
All Tests	10.2	0.22	8.8	1.2	9.5	0.52

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with H2 embedded is much more efficient than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded in performing JPA database operations. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.52) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (9.5) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 18.3 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of EclipseLink with SQLite embedded database (0.058) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (17.5) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 302 times faster than EclipseLink with SQLite embedded.

Other Head to Head DBMS/JPA Comparisons

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The benchmark program is released as open source under the GPL license.