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JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)

Comparison of OpenJPA with H2 embedded vs DataNucleus with DB4O embedded

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded
Basic Person Test	17.1	0.059	5.8	1.3	11.5	0.69
Element Collection Test	10.9	0.045	4.9	1.0	7.9	0.52
Inheritance Test	14.3	0.051	5.9	0.85	10.1	0.45
Indexing Test	24.4	0.080	13.7	2.3	19.1	1.2
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	6.8	failed	6.7	failed	6.7	failed
Multithreading Test	34.2	failed	10.2	failed	22.2	failed
All Tests	17.9	0.059	7.9	1.4	12.9	0.71

DataNucleus with DB4O embedded has failed in 4 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with H2 embedded is much more efficient than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded in persisting JPA entity objects to the database. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.71) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (12.9) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 18.2 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.080) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (24.4) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 305 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded
Basic Person Test	14.6	0.0047	27.2	1.8	20.9	0.90
Element Collection Test	0.0046	0.0038	4.3	1.5	2.1	0.77
Inheritance Test	0.011	0.0035	7.4	2.2	3.7	1.1
Indexing Test	17.0	0.0043	35.0	1.8	26.0	0.89
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	1.0	failed	1.4	failed	1.2	failed
Multithreading Test	18.7	failed	27.6	failed	23.1	failed
All Tests	8.6	0.0041	17.1	1.8	12.8	0.91

DataNucleus with DB4O embedded has failed in 4 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with H2 embedded is much more efficient than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded in retrieving JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.91) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (12.8) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 14.1 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.0043) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (17.0) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 3,953 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded
Basic Person Test	5.0	failed	1.1	failed	3.1	failed
Element Collection Test	1.7	failed	1.3	failed	1.5	failed
Inheritance Test	2.2	failed	1.2	failed	1.7	failed
Indexing Test	13.8	failed	23.2	failed	18.5	failed
Multithreading Test	1.4	failed	0.60	failed	0.99	failed
All Tests	4.8	failed	5.5	failed	5.1	failed

DataNucleus with DB4O embedded has failed in 10 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded
Basic Person Test	10.0	0.012	6.0	0.76	8.0	0.39
Element Collection Test	0.011	0.012	3.8	1.1	1.9	0.53
Inheritance Test	0.046	0.011	5.0	0.81	2.5	0.41
Indexing Test	8.9	0.011	7.0	1.3	8.0	0.64
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	2.4	failed	1.3	failed	1.9	failed
Multithreading Test	16.6	failed	4.3	failed	10.4	failed
All Tests	6.3	0.012	4.6	0.97	5.4	0.49

DataNucleus with DB4O embedded has failed in 4 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with H2 embedded is much more efficient than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded in updating JPA entity objects in the database. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.49) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (5.4) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 11.0 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using simple basic entities with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.012) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (10.0) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 833 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded
Basic Person Test	18.3	0.011	11.1	1.5	14.7	0.74
Element Collection Test	0.012	0.010	2.9	1.6	1.4	0.80
Inheritance Test	0.030	0.0093	6.6	1.1	3.3	0.57
Indexing Test	23.2	0.017	9.7	2.1	16.4	1.1
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	1.8	failed	2.4	failed	2.1	failed
Multithreading Test	31.2	failed	17.3	failed	24.2	failed
All Tests	12.4	0.012	8.3	1.6	10.4	0.79

DataNucleus with DB4O embedded has failed in 4 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with H2 embedded is much more efficient than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded in deleting JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.79) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (10.4) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 13.2 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using simple basic entities with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.011) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (18.3) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 1,664 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

Comparison of database storage efficiency (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded
Basic Person Test	27.0	35.1	27.0	35.4	27.0	35.2
Element Collection Test	30.6	29.5	30.6	29.9	30.6	29.7
Inheritance Test	27.0	33.4	27.0	33.5	27.0	33.4
Indexing Test	31.6	41.0	32.1	41.9	31.9	41.5
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	28.5	failed	21.4	failed	24.9	failed
Multithreading Test	33.9	failed	9.2	failed	21.5	failed
All Tests	29.8	34.8	24.5	35.2	27.2	35.0

DataNucleus with DB4O embedded has failed in 4 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with DB4O embedded is slightly more efficient than OpenJPA with H2 embedded in using disk space.

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	OpenJPA H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded
Basic Person Test	13.0	0.022	10.2	1.3	11.6	0.68
Element Collection Test	2.5	0.018	3.4	1.3	3.0	0.66
Inheritance Test	3.3	0.019	5.2	1.2	4.3	0.63
Indexing Test	17.5	0.028	17.7	1.9	17.6	0.94
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	3.0	failed	3.0	failed	3.0	failed
Multithreading Test	20.4	failed	12.0	failed	16.2	failed
All Tests	10.2	0.022	8.8	1.4	9.5	0.73

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with H2 embedded is much more efficient than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded in performing JPA database operations. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.73) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (9.5) reveals that in these tests, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 13.0 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.028) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (17.5) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 625 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

Other Head to Head DBMS/JPA Comparisons

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The benchmark program is released as open source under the GPL license.