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JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)

Comparison of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded vs Hibernate with H2 embedded

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	0.059	18.1	1.3	9.0	0.69	13.5
Element Collection Test	0.045	13.0	1.0	6.8	0.52	9.9
Inheritance Test	0.051	21.0	0.85	9.4	0.45	15.2
Indexing Test	0.080	29.9	2.3	18.4	1.2	24.1
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	failed	17.2	failed	20.1	failed	18.7
Multithreading Test	failed	36.9	failed	11.5	failed	24.2
All Tests	0.059	22.6	1.4	12.5	0.71	17.6

DataNucleus with DB4O embedded has failed in 4 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general Hibernate with H2 embedded is much more efficient than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded in persisting JPA entity objects to the database. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.71) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (17.6) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 24.8 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using class inheritance in the object model with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.051) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (21.0) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 412 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	0.0047	16.6	1.8	13.3	0.90	15.0
Element Collection Test	0.0038	4.3	1.5	4.0	0.77	4.1
Inheritance Test	0.0035	10.4	2.2	17.5	1.1	13.9
Indexing Test	0.0043	10.8	1.8	15.2	0.89	13.0
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	failed	2.5	failed	4.0	failed	3.3
Multithreading Test	failed	16.2	failed	15.7	failed	15.9
All Tests	0.0041	10.1	1.8	11.6	0.91	10.9

DataNucleus with DB4O embedded has failed in 4 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general Hibernate with H2 embedded is much more efficient than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded in retrieving JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.91) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (10.9) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 12.0 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using simple basic entities with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.0047) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (16.6) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 3,532 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	failed	4.5	failed	1.2	failed	2.8
Element Collection Test	failed	4.4	failed	1.4	failed	2.9
Inheritance Test	failed	3.1	failed	1.5	failed	2.3
Indexing Test	failed	6.6	failed	10.5	failed	8.6
Multithreading Test	failed	1.2	failed	0.59	failed	0.89
All Tests	failed	4.0	failed	3.0	failed	3.5

DataNucleus with DB4O embedded has failed in 10 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	0.012	12.1	0.76	6.5	0.39	9.3
Element Collection Test	0.012	7.4	1.1	5.3	0.53	6.3
Inheritance Test	0.011	10.8	0.81	8.5	0.41	9.6
Indexing Test	0.011	10.0	1.3	7.5	0.64	8.8
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	failed	4.4	failed	2.3	failed	3.4
Multithreading Test	failed	16.2	failed	4.0	failed	10.1
All Tests	0.012	10.1	0.97	5.7	0.49	7.9

DataNucleus with DB4O embedded has failed in 4 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general Hibernate with H2 embedded is much more efficient than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded in updating JPA entity objects in the database. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.49) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (7.9) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 16.1 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using simple basic entities with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.012) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (12.1) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 1,008 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	0.011	19.7	1.5	11.4	0.74	15.5
Element Collection Test	0.010	6.9	1.6	4.5	0.80	5.7
Inheritance Test	0.0093	15.6	1.1	12.9	0.57	14.2
Indexing Test	0.017	23.2	2.1	12.4	1.1	17.8
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	failed	4.0	failed	4.2	failed	4.1
Multithreading Test	failed	27.4	failed	22.7	failed	25.0
All Tests	0.012	16.1	1.6	11.4	0.79	13.7

DataNucleus with DB4O embedded has failed in 4 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general Hibernate with H2 embedded is much more efficient than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded in deleting JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.79) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (13.7) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 17.3 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using simple basic entities with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.011) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (19.7) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 1,791 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

Comparison of database storage efficiency (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	35.1	27.0	35.4	27.0	35.2	27.0
Element Collection Test	29.5	30.6	29.9	30.6	29.7	30.6
Inheritance Test	33.4	27.0	33.5	27.0	33.4	27.0
Indexing Test	41.0	31.6	41.9	32.1	41.5	31.9
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	failed	28.5	failed	21.4	failed	25.0
Multithreading Test	failed	33.9	failed	9.2	failed	21.5
All Tests	34.8	29.8	35.2	24.6	35.0	27.2

DataNucleus with DB4O embedded has failed in 4 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with DB4O embedded is slightly more efficient than Hibernate with H2 embedded in using disk space.

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	0.022	14.2	1.3	8.3	0.68	11.2
Element Collection Test	0.018	7.2	1.3	4.4	0.66	5.8
Inheritance Test	0.019	12.2	1.2	9.9	0.63	11.0
Indexing Test	0.028	16.1	1.9	12.8	0.94	14.5
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	failed	7.0	failed	7.7	failed	7.3
Multithreading Test	failed	19.6	failed	10.9	failed	15.2
All Tests	0.022	12.9	1.4	9.0	0.73	11.0

The results above show that in general Hibernate with H2 embedded is much more efficient than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded in performing JPA database operations. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.73) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (11.0) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 15.1 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using simple basic entities with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.022) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with H2 embedded database (14.2) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with H2 embedded is 645 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

Other Head to Head DBMS/JPA Comparisons

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The benchmark program is released as open source under the GPL license.