Comparison of Hibernate with PostgreSQL server vs OpenJPA with H2 embedded

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	7.1	17.1	3.4	5.8	5.2	11.5
Element Collection Test	2.9	10.9	1.7	4.9	2.3	7.9
Inheritance Test	7.0	14.3	3.6	5.9	5.3	10.1
Indexing Test	9.3	24.4	6.1	13.7	7.7	19.1
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	3.0	6.8	2.9	6.7	2.9	6.7
Multithreading Test	31.7	34.2	13.9	10.2	22.8	22.2
All Tests	10.2	17.9	5.3	7.9	7.7	12.9

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with H2 embedded is more efficient than Hibernate with PostgreSQL server in persisting JPA entity objects to the database.

A large performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (2.9) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (10.9) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 3.8 times faster than Hibernate with PostgreSQL server.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	5.5	14.6	11.5	27.2	8.5	20.9
Element Collection Test	0.025	0.0046	0.017	4.3	0.021	2.1
Inheritance Test	5.2	0.011	14.0	7.4	9.6	3.7
Indexing Test	4.6	17.0	13.3	35.0	8.9	26.0
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.61	1.0	0.78	1.4	0.70	1.2
Multithreading Test	11.3	18.7	17.0	27.6	14.2	23.1
All Tests	4.5	8.6	9.4	17.1	7.0	12.8

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with H2 embedded is more efficient than Hibernate with PostgreSQL server in retrieving JPA entity objects from the database.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with large retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (0.017) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (4.3) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 253 times faster than Hibernate with PostgreSQL server.

On the other hand, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is slower, for instance, when using class inheritance in the object model with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (0.011) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (5.2) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 473 times slower than Hibernate with PostgreSQL server.

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	55.5	5.0	6.1	1.1	30.8	3.1
Element Collection Test	11.0	1.7	0.016	1.3	5.5	1.5
Inheritance Test	52.3	2.2	8.7	1.2	30.5	1.7
Indexing Test	0.050	13.8	8.8	23.2	4.4	18.5
Multithreading Test	55.2	1.4	9.2	0.60	32.2	0.99
All Tests	34.8	4.8	6.6	5.5	20.7	5.1

The results above show that in general Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is much more efficient than OpenJPA with H2 embedded in executing the tested JPA queries. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (5.1) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (20.7) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 4.1 times faster than OpenJPA with H2 embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using multithreading with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (1.4) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (55.2) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 39.4 times faster than OpenJPA with H2 embedded.

On the other hand, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is slower, for instance, when using database indexes with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (0.050) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (13.8) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with PostgreSQL server is 276 times slower than OpenJPA with H2 embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	5.3	10.0	2.7	6.0	4.0	8.0
Element Collection Test	0.067	0.011	0.026	3.8	0.046	1.9
Inheritance Test	5.4	0.046	3.8	5.0	4.6	2.5
Indexing Test	5.4	8.9	4.3	7.0	4.8	8.0
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	1.1	2.4	0.58	1.3	0.82	1.9
Multithreading Test	29.6	16.6	6.3	4.3	18.0	10.4
All Tests	7.8	6.3	2.9	4.6	5.4	5.4

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with H2 embedded is equivalent to Hibernate with PostgreSQL server in updating JPA entity objects in the database.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with large transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (0.026) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (3.8) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 146 times faster than Hibernate with PostgreSQL server.

On the other hand, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is slower, for instance, when using class inheritance in the object model with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (0.046) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (5.4) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 117 times slower than Hibernate with PostgreSQL server.

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	5.3	18.3	4.2	11.1	4.8	14.7
Element Collection Test	0.020	0.012	stopped	2.9	0.0098	1.4
Inheritance Test	5.1	0.030	4.2	6.6	4.6	3.3
Indexing Test	9.5	23.2	6.3	9.7	7.9	16.4
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.012	1.8	0.012	2.4	0.012	2.1
Multithreading Test	23.3	31.2	21.8	17.3	22.5	24.2
All Tests	7.2	12.4	6.1	8.3	6.6	10.4

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with H2 embedded is more efficient than Hibernate with PostgreSQL server in deleting JPA entity objects from the database.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using graphs of objects with large transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (0.012) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (2.4) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 200 times faster than Hibernate with PostgreSQL server.

On the other hand, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is slower, for instance, when using class inheritance in the object model with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (0.030) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (5.1) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 170 times slower than Hibernate with PostgreSQL server.

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded	Hibernate PostgreSQL server	OpenJPA H2 embedded
Basic Person Test	15.7	13.0	5.6	10.2	10.7	11.6
Element Collection Test	2.8	2.5	0.35	3.4	1.6	3.0
Inheritance Test	15.0	3.3	6.9	5.2	10.9	4.3
Indexing Test	5.8	17.5	7.8	17.7	6.8	17.6
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	1.2	3.0	1.1	3.0	1.1	3.0
Multithreading Test	30.2	20.4	13.6	12.0	21.9	16.2
All Tests	12.1	10.2	6.0	8.8	9.1	9.5

The results above show that in general OpenJPA with H2 embedded is slightly more efficient than Hibernate with PostgreSQL server in performing JPA database operations.

A large performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with large transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (0.35) to the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (3.4) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 9.7 times faster than Hibernate with PostgreSQL server.

On the other hand, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is slower, for instance, when using class inheritance in the object model with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of OpenJPA with H2 embedded database (3.3) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with PostgreSQL database server (15.0) reveals that in that case, OpenJPA with H2 embedded is 4.5 times slower than Hibernate with PostgreSQL server.

JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)