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JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)

Comparison of Hibernate with Derby server vs DataNucleus with DB4O embedded

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded
Basic Person Test	3.8	0.059	3.0	1.3	3.4	0.69
Element Collection Test	2.0	0.045	1.3	1.0	1.7	0.52
Inheritance Test	3.4	0.051	3.0	0.85	3.2	0.45
Indexing Test	4.8	0.080	4.1	2.3	4.4	1.2
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	1.8	failed	1.6	failed	1.7	failed
Multithreading Test	6.9	failed	3.9	failed	5.4	failed
All Tests	3.8	0.059	2.8	1.4	3.3	0.71

DataNucleus with DB4O embedded has failed in 4 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general Hibernate with Derby server is much more efficient than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded in persisting JPA entity objects to the database. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.71) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby database server (3.3) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with Derby server is 4.6 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using class inheritance in the object model with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.051) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby database server (3.4) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with Derby server is 66.7 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded
Basic Person Test	3.8	0.0047	8.4	1.8	6.1	0.90
Element Collection Test	1.0	0.0038	1.0	1.5	1.0	0.77
Inheritance Test	3.5	0.0035	9.7	2.2	6.6	1.1
Indexing Test	3.2	0.0043	9.5	1.8	6.4	0.89
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.91	failed	1.2	failed	1.1	failed
Multithreading Test	7.8	failed	13.4	failed	10.6	failed
All Tests	3.4	0.0041	7.2	1.8	5.3	0.91

DataNucleus with DB4O embedded has failed in 4 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general Hibernate with Derby server is much more efficient than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded in retrieving JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.91) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby database server (5.3) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with Derby server is 5.8 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using class inheritance in the object model with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.0035) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby database server (3.5) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with Derby server is 1,000 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded
Basic Person Test	34.0	failed	4.1	failed	19.1	failed
Element Collection Test	33.8	failed	0.64	failed	17.2	failed
Inheritance Test	20.5	failed	5.0	failed	12.8	failed
Indexing Test	2.0	failed	9.2	failed	5.6	failed
Multithreading Test	36.2	failed	5.1	failed	20.6	failed
All Tests	25.3	failed	4.8	failed	15.1	failed

DataNucleus with DB4O embedded has failed in 10 tests (see exceptions).

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded
Basic Person Test	2.9	0.012	2.5	0.76	2.7	0.39
Element Collection Test	2.3	0.012	1.5	1.1	1.9	0.53
Inheritance Test	2.9	0.011	3.5	0.81	3.2	0.41
Indexing Test	3.0	0.011	4.2	1.3	3.6	0.64
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	1.2	failed	0.58	failed	0.91	failed
Multithreading Test	6.8	failed	2.5	failed	4.6	failed
All Tests	3.2	0.012	2.5	0.97	2.8	0.49

DataNucleus with DB4O embedded has failed in 4 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general Hibernate with Derby server is much more efficient than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded in updating JPA entity objects in the database. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.49) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby database server (2.8) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with Derby server is 5.7 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.011) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby database server (3.0) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with Derby server is 273 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded
Basic Person Test	2.9	0.011	3.5	1.5	3.2	0.74
Element Collection Test	1.7	0.010	0.87	1.6	1.3	0.80
Inheritance Test	2.9	0.0093	3.6	1.1	3.2	0.57
Indexing Test	3.7	0.017	3.6	2.1	3.7	1.1
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.69	failed	0.70	failed	0.70	failed
Multithreading Test	6.2	failed	5.1	failed	5.6	failed
All Tests	3.0	0.012	2.9	1.6	3.0	0.79

DataNucleus with DB4O embedded has failed in 4 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general Hibernate with Derby server is much more efficient than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded in deleting JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.79) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby database server (3.0) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with Derby server is 3.8 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using class inheritance in the object model with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.0093) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby database server (2.9) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with Derby server is 312 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded	Hibernate Derby server	DataNucleus DB4O embedded
Basic Person Test	9.5	0.022	4.3	1.3	6.9	0.68
Element Collection Test	8.2	0.018	1.1	1.3	4.6	0.66
Inheritance Test	6.6	0.019	5.0	1.2	5.8	0.63
Indexing Test	3.3	0.028	6.1	1.9	4.7	0.94
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	1.2	failed	1.0	failed	1.1	failed
Multithreading Test	12.8	failed	6.0	failed	9.4	failed
All Tests	7.1	0.022	4.0	1.4	5.6	0.73

The results above show that in general Hibernate with Derby server is much more efficient than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded in performing JPA database operations. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.73) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby database server (5.6) reveals that in these tests, Hibernate with Derby server is 7.7 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with DB4O embedded database (0.018) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with Derby database server (8.2) reveals that in that case, Hibernate with Derby server is 456 times faster than DataNucleus with DB4O embedded.

Other Head to Head DBMS/JPA Comparisons

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The benchmark program is released as open source under the GPL license.