Comparison of DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server vs Hibernate with SQLite embedded

Each of the following tables focuses on a specific database operation, where the last table presents average results comparison.

Speed comparison of JPA database persistence operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	4.1	0.083	2.6	1.0	3.3	0.55
Element Collection Test	0.91	0.067	0.38	0.69	0.64	0.38
Inheritance Test	3.8	0.080	2.4	0.99	3.1	0.54
Indexing Test	6.0	0.098	6.4	1.0	6.2	0.55
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.91	0.27	0.77	0.96	0.84	0.61
Multithreading Test	18.0	failed	8.3	failed	13.1	failed
All Tests	5.6	0.12	3.5	0.93	4.5	0.53

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 2 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in persisting JPA entity objects to the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.53) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with PostgreSQL database server (4.5) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is 8.5 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using database indexes with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.098) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with PostgreSQL database server (6.0) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is 61.2 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database retrieval operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	1.7	1.8	7.6	1.3	4.6	1.5
Element Collection Test	0.73	0.0008	0.63	failed	0.68	0.0008
Inheritance Test	1.5	2.4	9.3	1.4	5.4	1.9
Indexing Test	1.5	1.9	9.2	2.3	5.3	2.1
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	2.6	0.56	12.3	0.88	7.4	0.72
Multithreading Test	3.4	failed	10.8	failed	7.1	failed
All Tests	1.9	1.3	8.3	1.5	5.1	1.4

Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in retrieving JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (1.4) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with PostgreSQL database server (5.1) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is 3.6 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.0008) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with PostgreSQL database server (0.73) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is 912 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database query operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Retrieval Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	49.1	1.1	4.7	0.22	26.9	0.65
Element Collection Test	39.1	0.39	0.48	failed	19.8	0.39
Inheritance Test	55.9	0.53	6.6	0.28	31.2	0.40
Indexing Test	0.048	0.0011	6.4	0.43	3.2	0.21
Multithreading Test	failed	failed	failed	failed	failed	failed
All Tests	36.0	0.50	4.5	0.31	20.3	0.42

DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server has failed in 2 tests (see exceptions). Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in executing the tested JPA queries. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.42) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with PostgreSQL database server (20.3) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is 48.3 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using class inheritance in the object model with small retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.53) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with PostgreSQL database server (55.9) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is 105 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database update operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	2.1	0.076	0.84	0.65	1.5	0.37
Element Collection Test	1.4	0.0022	0.64	failed	1.0	0.0022
Inheritance Test	2.1	0.079	1.2	0.97	1.7	0.53
Indexing Test	2.2	0.057	1.5	0.54	1.8	0.30
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.65	0.26	0.20	0.42	0.42	0.34
Multithreading Test	0.46	failed	failed	failed	0.46	failed
All Tests	1.5	0.094	0.87	0.65	1.2	0.34

DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server has failed in 1 tests (see exceptions). Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in updating JPA entity objects in the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.34) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with PostgreSQL database server (1.2) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is 3.5 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.0022) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with PostgreSQL database server (1.4) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is 636 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

On the other hand, DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is slower, for instance, when using graphs of objects with large transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with PostgreSQL database server (0.20) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.42) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is 2.1 times slower than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Speed comparison of JPA database removal operations (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction Size =>	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	3.0	0.061	1.3	0.91	2.2	0.49
Element Collection Test	1.0	0.0007	0.39	failed	0.69	0.0007
Inheritance Test	2.8	0.058	1.3	0.90	2.1	0.48
Indexing Test	5.4	0.079	1.9	0.54	3.7	0.31
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	0.38	0.24	0.37	0.80	0.37	0.52
Multithreading Test	13.8	failed	failed	failed	13.8	failed
All Tests	4.4	0.088	1.1	0.79	2.9	0.40

DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server has failed in 1 tests (see exceptions). Hibernate with SQLite embedded has failed in 3 tests (see exceptions).

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in deleting JPA entity objects from the database. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.40) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with PostgreSQL database server (2.9) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is 7.2 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.0007) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with PostgreSQL database server (1.0) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is 1,429 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

On the other hand, DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is slower, for instance, when using graphs of objects with large transaction size. Comparing the normalized speed of DataNucleus with PostgreSQL database server (0.37) to the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.80) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is 2.2 times slower than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

Comparison of JPA/Database speed - the averages (normalized score, higher is better)

Transaction/Retrieval Size	Few Entities		Many Entities		Average Score
	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded	DataNucleus PostgreSQL server	Hibernate SQLite embedded
Basic Person Test	12.0	0.63	3.4	0.81	7.7	0.72
Element Collection Test	8.6	0.092	0.50	0.69	4.6	0.19
Inheritance Test	13.2	0.63	4.2	0.91	8.7	0.77
Indexing Test	3.0	0.42	5.1	0.96	4.0	0.69
Graph (Binary Tree) Test	1.1	0.33	3.4	0.77	2.3	0.55
Multithreading Test	8.9	failed	9.5	failed	9.1	failed
All Tests	8.0	0.42	3.8	0.86	6.0	0.62

The results above show that in general DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is much more efficient than Hibernate with SQLite embedded in performing JPA database operations. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.62) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with PostgreSQL database server (6.0) reveals that in these tests, DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is 9.7 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

A huge performance gap has been detected when using JPA element collections with small transaction/retrieval size. Comparing the normalized speed of Hibernate with SQLite embedded database (0.092) to the normalized speed of DataNucleus with PostgreSQL database server (8.6) reveals that in that case, DataNucleus with PostgreSQL server is 93.5 times faster than Hibernate with SQLite embedded.

JPA Performance Benchmark (JPAB)